Chapter 3 Flashcards
antibiotic
chemicals that either kill bacteria or slow their growth by interfering with the function of essential bacterial cell structures
Can kill by: interrupting protein synthesis on a ribosome, targeting cell wall synthesis, inhibiting DNA synthesis, or interfering with vitamin production
nuclear envelope
double membrane surrounding the nucleus of a eukaryotic cell
golgi appartus
an organelle made up of stacked membrane enclosed discs that packages proteins and prepares them for transport
mitochondria
membrane-bound organelles responsible for important energy conversion reactions in eukaryotes
lysosome
organelle in eukaryotic cells filled with enzymes that can degrade worn-out cellular structures
isotonic
describes a solution surrounding a cell that has the same solute concentration as the cell
cytoplasm
the gelatinous, aqueous interior of all cells
hypertonic
describes a solution surrounding a cell that has a lower concentration of solutes than the cell
cell wall
rigid structure enclosing the cell membrane of some cells that helps the cell maintain its shape
hypotonic
describes a solution surrounding a cell that has a higher concentration of solutes than the cell
cell membrane
phospholipid bilayer with embedded proteins that forms the boundary of all cells
gram-positive bacteria
refers to bacteria with a cell wall that includes a thick layer of peptidoglycan that retains the gram stain
active transport
the energy-requiring process by which solutes are pumped from an area of lower concentration to an area of higher concentration with the help of transport proteins
eukaryotic cell
presence of a membrane-enclosed nucleus and organelles
transport proteins
proteins involved in the movement of molecules across the cell membrane
simple diffusion
movement of a small, hydrophobic molecules across a membrane from an area of higher concentration to lower
does not require an input of energy
ribosome
complex of RNA and protein that carries out protein synthesis in all cells
prokaryotic cell
lacks internal membrane-bound organelles and whose DNA is not contained within a nucleus
peptidoglycan
macromolecule found in all bacterial cell walls that confers rigidity
gram-negative bacteria
has a cell wall that includes a thin layer of peptidoglycan surrounded by an outer lipid membrane that does not retain the gram stain
facilitated diffusion
process by which large or hydrophilic solutes move across a membrane from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration with the help of transport proteins
doesn’t require the input of energy
cytoskeleton
network of protein fibers in eukaryotic cells that provides structure and facilitates cell movement
it includes microtubules, microfilaments, and intermediate filaments
cell theory
concept that all living organisms are made of cells and that cells are formed by the reproduction of existing cells
osmosis
diffusion of water across a semipermable membrane from an area of lower solute concentration to an area of higher solute concentration
