Chapter 15

Question 1

hardy-weinberg equation

Answer 1

mathematical formula that calculates the frequency of genotypes and phenotypes one would expect to find in a nonevolving population

Question 2

hardy-weinberg equilibrium

Answer 2

the principle that, in a nonevloving population, both allele and genotype frequencies remain constant from one generation to the next

Question 3

reproductive isolation

Answer 3

mechanisms that prevent mating (and therefore gene flow) between members of different species

Question 4

inbreeding depression

Answer 4

the negative reproductive consequences for a population associated with having a high frequency of homozygous individuals possessing harmful recessive alleles

Question 5

gene flow

Answer 5

movement of alleles from one population to another, which may increase the genetic diversity of a population

Question 6

nonadaptive evolution

Answer 6

any change in allele frequency that does not by itself lead a population to become more adapted to its environment the causes of: mutation, genetic drift, and gene flow

Question 7

population genetics

Answer 7

study of the genetic makeup of populations and how the genetic composition of a population changes

Question 8

speciation

Answer 8

genetic divergence of populations, leading over time to reproductive isolation and the formation of new species

Question 9

inbreeding

Answer 9

mating between closely related individuals
doesn’t change allele frequency in a population but it does increase homozygous individuals proportion to heterzygotes species

Question 10

bottleneck effect

Answer 10

type of genetic drift that occurs when a population is suddenly reduced to a small number of individuals, and alleles are lost from the population as a result

Question 11

allele frequency

Answer 11

the relative proportion of an allele in a population

Question 12

Biological Species Concept

Answer 12

definition of a species as a population whose members can interbreed to produce fertile offspring

Question 13

founder effect

Answer 13

type of genetic drift in which a small number of individuals leaves one population and establishes a new population
by chance, the newly established population may have lower genetic diversity than the original population

Question 14

gene pool

Answer 14

total collection of alleles in a population

Question 15

urbanization

Answer 15

along with climate change, impacts natural populations

Question 16

genetic drift

Answer 16

change in allele frequency in small populations due to chance events
2 types: founder effect and bottleneck effect

Question 17

“green corridors”

Answer 17

NYC mice divided into categories based on % of “green” or “gray” landscape
urbanization led to habitat fragmentation that isolated and bottlenecked mice population
allow gene flow between populations

Question 18

urban evolution

Answer 18

almost every place on the planet is influenced by human activity

Question 19

diverse gene pool

Answer 19

important for the continued survival of populations, especially in the face of changing environments

Question 20

allpatry

Answer 20

due to geographic or ecological barriers to gene flow (i.e. ant species and galapagos finches)

Question 21

hybrid inviability

Answer 21

gametes unite but viable offspring cannot form

Question 22

behavioral isolation

Answer 22

different mating activities

Question 23

gametic isolation

Answer 23

gametes are incompatible

Question 24

temporal isolation

Answer 24

breed at different times

Question 25

hybrid infertility

Answer 25

viable offspring cannot reproduce (i.e. mules)

Question 26

mechanical isolation

Answer 26

due to mating organs being incompatible

Question 27

ecological isolation

Answer 27

due to different habitats