CHAPTER 3 Flashcards
Excluding a person or group of people from a group, usually by ignoring, shunning, or explicitly banishing them.
OSTRACISM
A physiological response to stressful events characterized by the activation of the sympathetic nervous system that readies the individual to counter the threat or to escape the threat.
FIGHT-OR-FLIGHT RESPONSE
An interpersonal response to stressful events characterized by increased nurturing, protective, and supportive behaviors and by seeking out connections to other people.
Tend-and-Befriend Response
A conceptual analysis of self-esteem that argues self-esteem is not an index of perceived self-worth, but instead is a psychological monitor of one’s degree of inclusion and exclusion in social groups.
SOCIOMETER THEORY
The need to belong to groups is part of human nature
THE HERD INSTINCT
A tradition, ideology, or personal outlook that emphasizes the primacy of the individual and his or her rights, independence, and relationships with other individuals.
INDIVIDUALISM
A tradition, ideology, or personal orientation that emphasizes the primacy of the group or community rather than each individual person.
COLLECTIVISM
An interpersonal association between individuals based on each person’s desire to increase the rewards they receive from others in the relationship.
EXCHANGE RELATIONSHIP
An interpersonal association between individuals who are more concerned with what others get rather than what they themselves receive.
COMMUNAL RELATIONSHIP
A social standard that enjoins individuals to pay back in kind what they receive from others.
NORM OF RECIPROCITY
A social standard that encourages distributing rewards and resources to members in proportion to their inputs.
EQUITY NORM
A social standard that encourages distributing rewards and resources equally among all members.
EQUALITY NORM
an agreement, often only implicitly recognized, that obligates the individual to support the “general will” of society as an “indivisible part of the whole.”
SOCIAL CONTRACT
Emphasizing one’s own needs, perspective, and importance, particularly in contrast to those of other individuals or the group (egocentric).
SELF-SERVING
Emphasizing the group’s needs, perspectives, and importance, particularly in contrast to those of individual members or oneself (sociocentric).
GROUP SERVING
The “me” component of the self-concept that derives from individualistic qualities such as traits, beliefs, and skills.
PERSONAL IDENTITY
The “we” component of the self-concept that includes all those qualities attendant to relationships with other people, groups, and society.
SOCIAL IDENTITY
An individual who is dispositionally predisposed to put his or her own personal interests and motivations above the group’s interests and goals.
INDEPENDENT (IDIOCENTRIC)
An individual who is dispositionally predisposed to put the group’s goals and needs above his or her own.
INTERDEPENDENT (ALLOCENTRIC)
A conceptual analysis that assumes individuals strive to maintain a balance between three basic needs
OPTIMAL DISTINCTIVENESS THEORY
Variations in Collectivism
Cultural Differences
Regional and Ethnic Differences
Generational Differences
A theoretical analysis of group processes and intergroup relations that assumes groups influence their members’ self-concepts and self-esteem, particularly when individuals categorize themselves as group members and identify with the group.
SOCIAL IDENTITY THEORY
The perceptual classification of people, including the self, into categories.
CATEGORIZATION
Accepting the group as an extension of the self, and therefore basing one’s self-definition on the group’s qualities and characteristics
IDENTIFICATION
A socially shared set of cognitive generalizations about the qualities and characteristics of the typical member of a particular group or social category.
PROTOTYPES
Accepting socially shared generalizations about the prototypical characteristics attributed to members of one’s group as accurate descriptions of oneself.
SELF-STEREOTYPING
A person’s overall assessment of that portion of their self-concept that is based on their relationships with others and membership in social groups.
COLLECTIVE SELF-ESTEEM
Seeking direct or indirect association with prestigious or successful groups or individuals.
BASKING IN REFLECTED GLORY (BIRGing)
Distancing oneself from a group that performs poorly.
CUTTING OFF REFLECTED FAILURE (CORFing)
The tendency to view the ingroup, its members, and its products more positively than other groups, their members, and their products. Ingroup favoritism is more common than outgroup rejection.
INGROUP–OUTGROUP BIAS
Restricting comparisons between the ingroup and other groups to tasks and outcomes where the ingroup is more successful than other groups and avoiding areas in which other groups surpass the ingroup.
SOCIAL CREATIVITY
Reducing one’s connection to a group in order to minimize the threats to individual self-esteem.
INDIVIDUAL MOBILITY
