CHAPTER 14 Flashcards
A conceptual framework arguing that conflict between groups stems from competition for scarce resources, including food, territory, wealth, power, natural resources, and energy
Realistic Group Conflict Theory
The markedly greater competitiveness of groups when interacting with other groups, relative to the competitiveness of individuals interacting with individuals
Discontinuity Effect
The belief held by the members of one group that they will be mistreated in some way by the members of a malevolent outgroup
Intergroup Paranoia
One group tries to dominate the other
Intergroup Exploitation
Assumes that conflict between groups result from dynamic tensions between hierarchically ranked groups within society
Social Dominance Theory
Conflicts begin with minor irritations and annoyance but built in intensity
Spiral Model of Conflict Intensification
An explanation of intergroup conflict arguing that hostility caused by frustrating environmental circumstance is released by taking hostile actions against members of social group
Scapegoat Theory
The human species developed an extraordinary capacity for altruism, cooperation, and selflessness, but are reserved for members of the ingroup and sustained by hostility toward the outgroup
Evolutionary Perspective
He said that humans by nature join groups and favor one’s own group over all others
William Graham Summer
The belief that one’s own tribe, region, or country is superior to other tribes, regions, or countries
Ethnocentrism
The tendency to consider the actions and attribute of one’s own group as positive but negative when the outgroup performs them
Double-Standard Thinking
The perceptual tendency to assume that the members of other groups are very similar to each other, whereas the membership of one’s own group is heterogeneous
Outgroup Homogeneity Bias
The assumption that the behavior of a large number of people can be accurately inferred from the behavior of a few people
Law of Small Number
The assumption that the characteristics of a single individual in a group can be inferred from the general characteristics of the whole group
Group Attribution Error
The tendency for perceivers to attribute negative actions performed by members of the outgroup to dispositional qualities and positive actions to situational, fluctuating circumstances
Ultimate Attribution Error
Places the outgroup outside the moral realm
Moral Exclusion
Moves the outgroup outside the human realm
Dehumanization
Suggests that individuals, by championing the ingroup, maintain and even raise their self-esteem
Social Identity Theory
The prediction that contact between the members of different groups will reduce intergroup conflicts
Contact Hypothesis
A goal that can only be attained if the members of the two or more groups work together by pooling their efforts and resources
Superordinate Goal
Reducing social categorization tendencies by minimizing the salience of group memberships and stressing the individuality of each person in the group
Decategorization
Reduction of social categorization tendencies by collapsing groups in conflict into a single group or category
Recategorization
Making salient individuals’ membership in two or more social groups that are not related to the categories that are generating ingroup-outgroup tensions
Cross-Categorization
He suggests managing conflict by teaching group members the skills they need to resolve interpersonal disputes
Herbert Kelman
