CHAPTER 10 Flashcards
The state of responding in the presence of others
Compresence
Predicts that S.F occurs even when all forms of social interactions are blocked and assumes that the presence of others evoke a generalized drive state characterized by increased readiness and arousal
Drive Theory
Assumes that people have associated social situations with evaluation so they feel apprehensive whenever others are nearby
Evaluation Apprehension Theory
Assumes that S.F is caused by individuals striving to make a good impression when they work in the presence of others
Self-Presentation Theory
Assumes that attention is divided between other people and the task and this attentional conflict increases motivation and so facilitates performance on simple well-learned tasks
Distraction-Conflict Theory
Suggests that individual differences in social orientations predict who will show facilitation or impairment in the presence of others
Social Orientation Theory
The use of information technologies to track, analyze, and report information about performance
Electronic Performance Monitoring
Deeply ingrained negative attitudes about members of other groups
Prejudice
Reduction in performance, effectiveness, or efficiency caused by actions, operations, or dynamics that prevent the group from reaching its full potential
Process Loss
Tendency for people to become less productive when they work with others.
Ringelmann Effect (Max Ringelman)
Two sources of process loss
Motivational Losses
Coordination Losses
People don’t work so hard when they are in groups
Motivational Loss
Lack of simultaneity of their efforts
Coordination Loss
The reduction of effort by individuals working in groups
Social Loafing
Causes and Cures of Social Loafing
Increase Identifiability
Set Goals
Increase Involvement
Increase Identification with the group
Collective Effort Model
Others greater effort for others insufficiencies
Social Compensation
2 Factors that determine group members’ level of motivation
Expectation and Value of the Goal
A task with results that can be evaluated objectively using some normative criterion
Intellective Task
A task with results that cannot be evaluated objectively because there is no clear criteria to judge them against
Judgmental Task
Combining of two or more independent systems that yields an effect that is greater than the sum of the individual effects
Synergy
An increase in performance by groups working on conjunctive tasks that require persistence but little coordination of effect and is likely due to the increased effort expended by the less capable members
Kohler Effect (Otto Kohler)
A method for enhancing creativity in groups
Brainstorming
4 Basic Rules of Brainstorming
Be Expressive
Postpone Evaluation
Seek Quantity
Piggyback Ideas
Caused by distractions by others’ ideas
Production Blocking
Matching of level of productivity displayed by others in the group
Social Matching Effect
Tendency for members to believe that their groups are performing effectively
Illusion of Group Productivity
Improving Brainstorming Sessions
Stick to the rules
Pay attention to everyone’s ideas
Mix Individuals and group approaches
Take breaks
Do not rush
Persist
Facilitate Session
Involves working alone to generate idea before face-to-face group sessions
Nominal Group Technique
Generating new ideas in writing
Brainwriting
Generating ideas and solving problems using computer-based communicating methods
Electronic Brainstorming
Involves repeated assessment of members’ opinions via surveys and questionnaires as opposed to face-to-face meetings
Delphi Technique
