CHAPTER 2 Flashcards
Measurement method that involves watching and recording individual and group actions.
OBSERVATION
Openly watching and recording group behavior with no attempt to conceal one’s research purposes.
OVERT OBSERVATION
Watching and recording group behavior without the participants’ knowledge.
COVERT OBSERVATION
Watching and recording group behavior while taking part in the social process.
PARTICIPANT OBSERVATION
A change in behavior that occurs when individuals know they are being studied by researchers.
HAWTHORNE EFFECT
A research procedure used to collect and analyze nonnumeric, unquantified types of data, such as text, images, or objects.
QUALITATIVE STUDY
A research procedure used to collect and analyze data in a numeric form, such as frequencies, proportions, or amounts.
QUANTITATIVE STUDY
Research procedure that classifies (codes) group members’ actions into defined categories.
STRUCTURED OBSERVATIONAL METHOD
IPA
INTERACTION PROCESS ANALYSIS
SYMLOG
SYSTEMATIV MULTIPLE LEVEL OBSERVATION OF GROUP
Degree to which a measurement technique consistently yields the same conclusions at different times.
RELIABILITY
Describes the extent to which the technique measures what it is supposed to measure.
VALIDITY
Research technique that graphically and mathematically summarizes patterns of inter-member relations.
SOCIOMETRY
Graphic representation of the patterns of inter-member relations created through sociometry.
SOCIOGRAM
Research Methods
Experiment
Case Study
Correlational Study
A research technique that involves examining, in as much detail as possible, the dynamics of a single group or individual.
CASE STUDY
A research design in which the investigator manipulates at least one variable (IV) by randomly assigning participants to two or more different conditions and measuring at least one other variable (DV).
EXPERIMENT
A research design in which the investigator measures (but does not manipulate) at least two variables and then uses statistical procedures to examine the strength and direction of the relationship between these variables.
CORRELATIONAL STUDY
Wants, needs, and other psychological processes that energize behavior and thereby determine its form, intensity, and duration.
MOTIVATION
A subjective state of positive or negative affect often accompanied by a degree of arousal or activation.
EMOTION
The collective emotional mood of a group.
Jennifer George’s Theory of Group Affective Tone (1995)
A theoretical explanation of the way organisms acquire new responses to environmental stimuli through such conditioning processes as stimulus–response associations and reinforcement.
BEHAVIORISM
An economic model of interpersonal relationships which argues that individuals seek out relationships that offer them many rewards while exacting few costs.
SOCIAL EXCHANGE THEORY
Assumes that groups are systems—collections of individual units that combine to form an integrated, complex whole.
SYSTEMS THEORY PERSPECTIVE
Mental processes that acquire, organize, and integrate information. Cognitive processes include memory systems that store data and the psychological mechanisms that process this information.
COGNITIVE PROCESS
A conceptual approach that explains a range of group behavior, including the development of social identity and intergroup relations, in terms of the social cognitive categorization processes.
SELF-CATEGORIZATION THEORY
A biological approach to understanding behavior which assumes that recurring patterns of behavior in animals ultimately stem from evolutionary pressures that increase the likelihood of adaptive social actions and extinguish nonadoptive practices.
EVOLUTIONARY PSYCHOLOGY
