CHAPTER 2

Question 1

Measurement method that involves watching and recording individual and group actions.

Answer 1

OBSERVATION

Question 2

Openly watching and recording group behavior with no attempt to conceal one’s research purposes.

Answer 2

OVERT OBSERVATION

Question 3

Watching and recording group behavior without the participants’ knowledge.

Answer 3

COVERT OBSERVATION

Question 4

Watching and recording group behavior while taking part in the social process.

Answer 4

PARTICIPANT OBSERVATION

Question 5

A change in behavior that occurs when individuals know they are being studied by researchers.

Answer 5

HAWTHORNE EFFECT

Question 6

A research procedure used to collect and analyze nonnumeric, unquantified types of data, such as text, images, or objects.

Answer 6

QUALITATIVE STUDY

Question 7

A research procedure used to collect and analyze data in a numeric form, such as frequencies, proportions, or amounts.

Answer 7

QUANTITATIVE STUDY

Question 8

Research procedure that classifies (codes) group members’ actions into defined categories.

Answer 8

STRUCTURED OBSERVATIONAL METHOD

Question 9

IPA

Answer 9

INTERACTION PROCESS ANALYSIS

Question 10

SYMLOG

Answer 10

SYSTEMATIV MULTIPLE LEVEL OBSERVATION OF GROUP

Question 11

Degree to which a measurement technique consistently yields the same conclusions at different times.

Answer 11

RELIABILITY

Question 12

Describes the extent to which the technique measures what it is supposed to measure.

Answer 12

VALIDITY

Question 13

Research technique that graphically and mathematically summarizes patterns of inter-member relations.

Answer 13

SOCIOMETRY

Question 14

Graphic representation of the patterns of inter-member relations created through sociometry.

Answer 14

SOCIOGRAM

Question 15

Research Methods

Answer 15

Experiment
Case Study
Correlational Study

Question 16

A research technique that involves examining, in as much detail as possible, the dynamics of a single group or individual.

Answer 16

CASE STUDY

Question 17

A research design in which the investigator manipulates at least one variable (IV) by randomly assigning participants to two or more different conditions and measuring at least one other variable (DV).

Answer 17

EXPERIMENT

Question 18

A research design in which the investigator measures (but does not manipulate) at least two variables and then uses statistical procedures to examine the strength and direction of the relationship between these variables.

Answer 18

CORRELATIONAL STUDY

Question 19

Wants, needs, and other psychological processes that energize behavior and thereby determine its form, intensity, and duration.

Answer 19

MOTIVATION

Question 20

A subjective state of positive or negative affect often accompanied by a degree of arousal or activation.

Answer 20

EMOTION

Question 21

The collective emotional mood of a group.

Answer 21

Jennifer George’s Theory of Group Affective Tone (1995)

Question 22

A theoretical explanation of the way organisms acquire new responses to environmental stimuli through such conditioning processes as stimulus–response associations and reinforcement.

Answer 22

BEHAVIORISM

Question 23

An economic model of interpersonal relationships which argues that individuals seek out relationships that offer them many rewards while exacting few costs.

Answer 23

SOCIAL EXCHANGE THEORY

Question 24

Assumes that groups are systems—collections of individual units that combine to form an integrated, complex whole.

Answer 24

SYSTEMS THEORY PERSPECTIVE

Question 25

Mental processes that acquire, organize, and integrate information. Cognitive processes include memory systems that store data and the psychological mechanisms that process this information.

Answer 25

COGNITIVE PROCESS

Question 26

A conceptual approach that explains a range of group behavior, including the development of social identity and intergroup relations, in terms of the social cognitive categorization processes.

Answer 26

SELF-CATEGORIZATION THEORY

Question 27

A biological approach to understanding behavior which assumes that recurring patterns of behavior in animals ultimately stem from evolutionary pressures that increase the likelihood of adaptive social actions and extinguish nonadoptive practices.

Answer 27

EVOLUTIONARY PSYCHOLOGY