Chapter 29-Dictatorships and the Second World War

Question 1

Appeasement before World War II

Answer 1

1. Early 20th Century, Germany, England, France, Italy, and U.S.S.R. (with western Czechoslovakia and Austria)
2. German expansion was facilitated by the Western democracies of England and France, who wished to buy off Hitler to avoid war.
3. Horrified by the First World War, England was the first to adopt the policy of appeasement which forced France (who refused to act without England) to do the same.
4. The first step was an Anglo-German naval agreement allowing a German navy and removing Germany from isolation.
5. Hitler proclaimed peaceful intentions but withdrew from the League of Nations blatantly refusing Stresemann’s policy of peaceful cooperation.
6. While the Treaty of Versailles limited Germany’s army, Hitler violated the agreement (along with Locarno) by marching his army into a demilitarized Rhineland.
7. Hitler established a general military draft declaring the “unequal” disarmament clause in the Treaty of Versailles null and void.
8. Believing that Soviet communism was the real danger, Hitler was underestimated and allowed to gain and maintain territory through appeasement.
9. The Rome-Berlin Axis united Germany (under Hitler) and Italy (under Mussolini) in an alliance which Japan soon joined.
10. By threatening Austria with an invasion, Hitler forced the Austrian chancellor to place local Nazis in control of the Austrian government.
11. Hitler demanded the control of the Sudetenland (in Western Czechoslovakia) which was full of pro-Nazi, German-speaking minorities; he was appeased in the Munich Conference by Chamberlain (England’s Prime Minister) and the French.
12. Hitler began seizing Czechs and Slovaks as captive peoples and used the German question of minorities in Danzig as a pretext to confront Poland who was protected by England and France with the threat of war.
13. Hitler attacked Poland; England and France declared war.

Question 2

Stalin’s Soviet Union Society (Stalinist Terror & Great Purges) (7) pg. 949-950(G)

Answer 2

1. Early/Mid 20th Century, Soviet Union.
2. Efforts were by the Communist Party to create a Soviet socialist society; terror as a state policy to subdue peasants.
3. Stalin’s main political rival, Sergei Kirov, murdered. Stalin most likely ordered the hit, but he blamed it on fascists.
4. Stalin used the above assassination to launch a reign of terror and purge the government of his opponents.
5. “Great Purge” state-sponsored repression was building up; falsely accused were tortured and had public show trials.
6. Bolsheviks confessed that they were going against Stalin, all were eliminated.
7. About 8 million were falsely accused; later, Stalin and remaining party leaders recruited 1.5 million new members, serving effective in the Communist Party.
8. G.S. & J.K. (2)

Question 3

Mussolini Regime

Answer 3

1. Early 20th century, Italy
2. Mussolini was a fascist dictator
3. He ran a brutal dictatorship that remained between conservative authoritarianism and dynamic totalitarianism
4. Before Mussolini Italy was:
   4A. A liberal state with civil rights and a constitutional monarchy
   4B. was moving towards democracy
   4C. Had a large number of poor people
   4D. Class differences were extreme
5. Black shirts: Mussolini’s private army which helped him seize power on the March on Rome (1921) where they threatened King Emanuel III until he agreed to let Mussolini to form a new cabinet. Black shirts were:
   5A. Violent and attacked socialist organizers
   5B. Strongly opposed the “Reds” (Communists)
6. Mussolini’s Regime:
   -his ministers included mostly old conservatives, some moderates, and two reform minded socialists
   -His thugs kidnapped and killed Giamcomo Marreottic (leader of the socialists in Parliament)
7. Lateran agreement: early 20th century (1929)
   -Mussolini recognized the Catholic Church as a tiny independent state and agreed to give the church heavy financial support (Pope urged catholics to support Mussolini)
8. although he wanted to create a completely totalitarian state he failed because
   8A. WWII begins and he has a weak military
   8B. Could never control all of the news media
   8C. Didnt have support of all moderates

Question 4

Hitler’s Nazi State

Answer 4

20th century, Germany

1. Outlawed all parties other than Nazism
2. Enabling Act passed—enabled Hitler to rule as an absolutist dictator for 4 years
3. Outlawed strikes and replaced labor unions with Nazi Labor front
4. Anti-intellectual :Strict censorship (blacklisted democratic, socialist, and Jewish literature); prohibited modern art and architecture as they had no benefit to the Nazi state
5. Installed loyal Nazi’s into top bureaucratic positions as a means of keeping government power firmly with the Nazi party
6. Hitler played the bureaucracy off of his “private government” as a way of keeping both weak, and leaving him with a great deal of freedom and power.

Question 5

Dawes Plan

Answer 5

1. Early 20th century, Germany, France, Britain, and the U.S.
2. Plan developed by the United States to help Germany pay reparations to France and Britain. The plan included the United States giving private loans to Germany.
3. By developing the Dawes plan the United States would get repaid by Germany, France, and Britain.

Question 6

Locarno Pact

Answer 6

1. Early 20th century, Germany, France, Britain, Italy, Poland and Czechoslovakia
2. Pledge between Germany and France to accept a common border. If one invade on another Britain and Italy agreed to fight.
3. Czechoslovakia and Poland also settled dispute over the boundary.
4. France promised the countries military aid if Germany attacked.

Question 7

Kellogg-Briand Pact

Answer 7

1. Early 20th century, France and United States (multinational)
2. Agreed to settle international disputes peacefully; it made no provisions in case war actually occurred.
3. Encourages the hope that the U.S. could contribute as a world power to European stability.

Question 8

Elements of Fascism

Answer 8

20th century, Italy and Germany

1. Rightist extreme
2. Highly nationalist
3. Strength in numbers, in unity; individuals only matter as a part of the whole.
4. Everything is subordinate to the state
5. Anti-democratic, corrupt elections
6. Element of racism (social Darwinism)
7. Use of militarism and police terror (Germany’s Gestapo & Italy’s Black Shirts)
8. Anti-feminist
9. Supported anti-rationalism: can be seen in the anti-rational nature of fascism (a combination of two opposites; nationalism and socialism)

Question 9

Axis Alliance

Answer 9

20th century Europe

1. Alliance between Hitler’s Germany and Mussolini’s Italy
2. Intervened in Spanish Civil War in support of Franco’s fascism
3. Rightist, nationalist Japan joined as they were bitter against the Allies for neglect in Treaty of Versailles

Question 10

Hitler and Nazism in Germany

Answer 10

1. Early 20th Century, Germany
2. Nazism are the developments of nationalisma and racism
   A. These two ideas captured the mind of Hitler
   B. Hitler dominated Nazism

Question 11

Ludwid Wittenstien

Answer 11

1. Early 20th century, England
2. Austrian philosopher that immigrated to England
3. Argued that philosophy is only the logical clarification of thoughts; in his view the philosophical issues of the ages were a waste of time.

Question 12

Bauhaus

Answer 12

Early 20th century, Germany

1. Founded by Walter Gropius
2. an arts school that merged applied and fine arts
3. Brought leading innovators from many disciplines (architecture, design, etc.) together and they influenced each other
4. Stressed functionalism and good design
5. Was incredibly influential

Question 13

Winston Churchill

Answer 13

1. Late 19th-mid 20th century

2.

Question 14

Authoritarianism

Answer 14

1. Early 20th century, less-developed eastern part of Europe
2. Traditional form of antidemocratic government, stuck to the status quo
3. Leaders tried to prevent social changes- Catherine the Great of Russia, Metternich in Austria
4. Participation in government limited to landlords, bureaucrats, and high church officials
5. Conflicted states embraced dictatorships- military dictatorships
6. Limited demands to taxes, army recruits, and passive acceptance
7. Liberals, democrats, and socialists were persecuted
8. Effects… Some authoritarian states ended up adopting Hitlerian and fascist characters, authoritarian tradition continued in Latin America
9. EVB & AS

Question 15

Totalitarianism

Answer 15

1. Early 20th century, Russia, Germany, Italy
2. Form of government in which the political authority exercises absolute control over all aspects of life and subordinates individuals
3. Used modern technology and communications to exercise political power
4. Believed in willpower, preached conflict, worshipped violence
5. Favored political participants
6. Radical revolt against liberalism
7. A permanent revolution, change went on forever
8. Stalin’s communist USSR
9. Hitler’s Nazi Germany
10. Effect… Imposition of fascism, nazism, and communism on Eastern European countries
11. EVB & AS

Question 16

New Economic Policy (NEP) (6) pg. 949(G)

Answer 16

1. Early 20th century, Soviet Union
2. Re-established limited economic freedom in an attempt to rebuild agriculture and industry.
3. Brought rapid recovery to the economy.
4. Peasant producers could sell their surpluses in free markets
5. Private traders and small handicraft manufactures were allowed to to reappear.
6. As economy recovered an intense struggle for power began in the inner circles of the communist party.
7. G.S. & J.K. (2)

Question 17

Life and Culture of Soviet Union

Answer 17

1. Early 20th century, Russia
2. The culture and society in Russia underneath Stalin’s dictatorship in his Soviet Union
3. Constant shortage of food and housing- people lived on black bread, apartments only had 1 room for the family
4. Workers received pensions, free medical services, free education, and day-care centers for children
5. Zero unemployment
6. Industrialization required skilled workers
7. Young women thought to be fully equal to men- women worked similar jobs to men such as constructing, building dams, roads
8. Medicine became a women’s profession- 1950, 75% of all doctors in Soviet Union were women
9. Propaganda through lectures, newspapers, films, broadcasts that talked about socialist achievements & Russian nationalism
10. Effects… Surge of Russian nationalism and emphasis of socialism in Eastern Europe
11. EVB & AS 3

Question 18

Lateran Agreement of 1929

Answer 18

1. Early 20th century, Italy
2. Mussolini’s recognition of the Vatican as an independent state and Mussolini’s agreement to give the church heavy financial support
3. Pope urged Italians to support Mussolini
4. Effects… Establishment of Vatican as a holy state, strengthened relationship between Italy and the Catholic Church
5. EVB & AS 3

Question 19

New Economic Policy (NEP)

Answer 19

1. Early 20th century, Russia
2. Re-established limited economic freedom (capitalism) to rebuild agriculture and industry after civil war
3. Heavy industry, railroads, and banks remained nationalized
4. Compromise with Soviet Union’s peasant majority- allowed to sell produce, small businesses and retail shops opened for personal profit
5. Brought rapid recovery to the economy- peasants were producing as much grain as before the war
6. Urban workers and peasants were gaining higher standard of living
7. Effects… Revitalization of Russian
   economy and better living for the masses
8. EVB & AS 3

Question 20

Five year plans (6) pg. 949,950(G)

Answer 20

1. Early 20th century, Soviet Union
2. Beginning of a renewed attempt to mobilize and transform soviet society along socialist lines.
3. To generate new attitudes, new loyalties, and a new socialist humanity.
4. Led to the Soviet Union becoming a dynamic, modern totalitarian state.
5. Increased total industrial output by 250%.
6. To regain ground lost to more advanced countries technologically.
7. G.S. & J.K. (2)

Question 21

Kulaks (6) pg. 951 (G)

Answer 21

1. Early 20th century, Soviet Union
2. Kulak- Any peasant who opposed the new system.
3. Stripped of land from Stalin (liquidated as a class)
4. Generally not permitted to join the collective farms.
5. Many starved or were deported to forced labor camps for “re-education”.
6. Collectivization of the Kulaks (peasants) led to economic and human disaster in the Soviet Union.
7. G.S. & J.K. (2)

Question 22

Enabling Act

Answer 22

1. Early 20th century, Germany
2. Gave Hitler absolute dictorial power for four years
3. Moved Hitler to control all independent organizations
4. Transformed Germany into a Nazi State and gave Hilter supreme and ultimate authority
   AS & EVB 3

Question 23

Japan’s Role in Asia in the Interwar Period

Answer 23

1. Early to Mid 20th century, Japan, Indochina, U.S., Southeast Asia
2. Series of Japanese invasions to gain political and economic territory
3. Japan’s invasion of Southern Indochina in 1941- lead to the U.S cutting of sale of oil to Japan
4. Attack against U.S. at Pearl Harbor 1941
5. Successful attacks on European and American colonies in Southeast Asia
6. Japanese called their empire The Greater East Asian Co-prosperity Sphere
7. The exploitation of Japanese local peoples & distrust and hatred towards Japan from other nations
8. EVB & AS 3