Chapter 12-Crisis of the Late Middle Ages

Question 1

Babylonian Captivity

Answer 1

1. Late-14th early-15th, Italy (affects Europe)
2. French king captured pope and held him for ransom in Avignon (city in France); new pope was elected, making two.
3. Having two popes demonstrated the ineffectiveness of the Catholic Church to reform itself.
4. In the early 14th century the Pope lived and worked in France. Philip the Fair of France convinced Clement to stay in France.
5. Avgion Papacy reformed financial administration, centralized the government, slowly with faith from faith to government.
6. The lack of Papal rule in Italy the Papal States led to government instability and left Rome poverty stricken.

Question 2

The Black Death

Answer 2

1. 14th, Mainland Europe
2. Bubonic and Pneumonic forms were either transmitted by fleas or from person to person.
3. Plague was caused by low hygiene & streets filled with rats & human feces.
4. Symptoms were a puss filled boil/buba, dark blotches on the skin that caused bleeding, & coughing blood.
5. Many turned towards the Church for guidance.
   5a. Flagellants believe that man’s sins are the reason God caused the plague and they abuse themselves as a form of punishment.
   5b. Church leaders, especially parish priests and nuns, set up hospitals to care for the sick and dying. Church officials died in the largest numbers by exposing themselves to the disease in order to help.
6. Caused by lack of sanitation in urban areas.
7. Caused widespread migration throughout Europe.

Question 3

The Great Schism

Answer 3

1. Early 15th century, France and Italy
2. Pope Urban and Pope Clement involved.
   3 France wanted Clement VII as Pope but England wanted Urban VI.
3. Caused Papal instability.
4. Effect: Weakened Christian’s faith.
5. Many people questioned church leadership.

Question 4

Joan of Arc

Answer 4

1. Early 15th century, France
2. French peasant girl who led the French to the victory in the Hundred Years War.
3. Captured by English allies (Burgundians). English burned her at the stake for political reasons and for heresy (Dressed like a man).
4. Claimed to hear the voices of God and he gave her guidance during battle.
5. She strengthened the morale of the army.
6. The English wanted Joan eliminated for political reasons, sorcery was the ostensible charge at her trial.
7. French historian Jules Michelet extolled Joan of Arc as a symbol of the vitality and strength of the French peasant classes

Question 5

Flagellants

Answer 5

1. 14th-15th century, Europe
2. People who whipped and scourged themselves as penance for society’s sins.
3. Believed the Black Death was God’s punishment for humanities wickedness.
4. Traveled from town to town, often provoking hysteria against Jews.
   5.

Question 6

Peasant Revolts

Answer 6

1. 14th and 15th century, France and England.
2. Social and economic conditions caused a great increase in peasant uprisings, they were very common.
3. Peasant revolts in Flanders were long-existing conflicts along the Flemish-French border which came to a head at Courtrai when Flemish infantry smashed a French army.
4. Flemish victory failed to resolve disputes over the French crown’s claim to fiscal rights over the country of Flanders.
5. Flemish peasants began to revolt again in protest of officials’ demands for taxes and the misappropriation of the money collected.
6. French taxation for the Hundred Years’ War fell heavily on the poor.
   6a. French peasantry became a massive uprising called the Jacquerie (after mythical agricultural laborer, Jacques Bonhomme).
7. Crowds swept through the country side killing nobles and their families.
8. The Peasants’ Revolt in England damaged higher wages and fewer manorial obligations.
9. The attempt to freeze wages and social mobility could not be enforced.

Question 7

Literacy and Vernacular Literature

Answer 7

1. 14th century, Europe
2. In the High Middle Ages most official documents and works of literature were written in Latin.
3. National languages–the vernacular–came into widespread use.
4. Two masterpieces of European culture, Dante’s Divine Comedy and Chaucer’s Canterbury Tales, brilliantly manifest this new national pride.
5. The Divine Comedy portrays contemporary and historical figures, comments on secular and ecclesiastical affairs, and draws on Scholastic philosophy.
6. Canterbury Tales is a collection of stories in lengthy rhymed narrative. Reflects the cultural tensions of the times
   6b. On a pilgrimage to the shrine of Saint Thomas Becket at Canterbury, 30 people of various social background tell tales.

Question 8

Urban Conflicts

Answer 8

1. Late 14th century, Europe
2. Peasant revolts often blended with problems in the cities.
3. Revolts often occurred in cities where the conditions of work were changing for many people.
4. In Florence the ciomoi (poor propertyless workers) revolted.
5. Serious social trouble occurred in Lubeck, Brunswick and other German cities.
6. In Spain aristocratic attempts to impose new forms of serfdom, combined with demands for tax relief, led to massive working-class and peasant revolts in Seville and Barcelona.

Question 9

Ethnic Tensions and Restrictions

Answer 9

1. 13th and 14th century, Europe.
2. Large numbers of people migrated from one part of Europe to another.
   2b. English to Scotland and Ireland; Germans, French, and Flemings in to Poland, Bohemia, and Hungary; the French into Spain.
3. Townspeople were usually long-distance immigrants, in eastern Europe, Ireland, and Scotland, ethnically different.
4. In eastern Europe, German was the language of the towns; in Irish town French
5. In all regions with extensive migrations, a legal dualism existed.
   5b. Native people remained subject to their traditional laws; newcomers were subject to the laws form the countries in which they came.
6. King John declare that “English law and custom be established there (in Ireland).

Question 10

The Conciliar Movement

Answer 10

1. 14th and 15th century, Europe
2. Conciliarists believed the reform of the church could be achieved through periodic assemblies (general councils).
3. Marsiglio of Padua published Defensor Pacis (The Defender of the Peace).
   3b. He argued that the state was the great unifying power in society and that the church was subordinate to the state.
4. John Wyclif argued that the church should be stripped of its property.
5. Wyclif has been hailed as the precursor of the Protestant Reformation of the 16th century ( his followers are called “Lollards”)

Question 11

Lay Piety and Mysticism

Answer 11

1. 14th and 15th century, Europe
2. The laity began to exercise increasing control over parish affairs.
3. The laity steadily took responsibility for the management of the parish lands and secured jurisdiction over the structure of the church building and its investments.
4. Lay Christian men and women often formed confraternities (voluntary lay group organized by occupation).
   4b. Confraternities expanded rapidly in large cities and many villages with the growth of the mendicant orders. Some specialized in praying for souls.
5. In England they were generally associated with a parish.
6. In Holland a group of pious laypeople (Brethren and Sisters of the Common Life) carried out the Gospel teaching of feeding the hungry, clothed the naked, and visited the sick.
7. Spirituality of the Brethren and Sisters of the Common Life found its finest expression in The Imitation of Christ.

Question 12

The Great Famine

SD CF 3

Answer 12

1. Early to mid 14th century,
2. Contemporaries interpreted as a recurrence of the biblical “seven lean years”.
3. Even in non-famine years, the cost of grain, livestock, and dairy products rose sharply.
4. Reduced calorie intake meant increased susceptibility to disease (especially for infants and the elderly).
   4b. Workers had less energy which meant lower productivity, lower output, and higher grain prices.
5. Proved to be a demographic disaster in France; in Burgundy 1/3 of the population died.
6. Hardly had western Europe begun to recover an epidemic of typhoid fever carried away thousands.
7. 10% of the population of Ypres may have died between May and October.
8. The disease hit cattle and sheep, drastically reducing the herd and flocks.
9. The international character of trade and commerce meant that a disaster in one country had serious implications in another.

Question 13

The Course of the 100 Years War to 1419

SD CF 3

Answer 13

1. Mid 14th to early 15th century, western Europe.
2. War was fought almost entirely in France and the Low Countries.
3. France began supporting Scottish incursions into northern England, ravaging the country side in Aquitaine, and sacking and burning English towns (Southampton).
4. During the early stages, England was highly successful.
5. At Crecy in northern France, English long bowmen scored a victory over French knights and crossbowmen.
6. The ring of cannon–probably the first use of artillery in the West–created further panic and the English horsemen charged and butchered the French.
7. This was not war according to the chivalric rules that Edward III would have preferred, his son Edward the Black Prince, used the same tactics 10 years later at Poitiers (where he captured the French king and held him for ransom).
8. And again at Agincourt, English soldier-king Henry V gained the field over vastly superior numbers.
9. Though England had scored the initial victories, France won the war.

Question 14

Fur-Collar Crime

Answer 14

1. 14th and 15th century,
2. The Hundred Years’ War had provided employment and opportunity for many fortune seeking knights.
3. Many were living on fixed incomes, their chivalric code demanded lavish generosity and an aristocratic lifestyle so many nobles turned to crime as a way to make money.
4. Fur-collar crime rarely involved such felonies as homicide, robbery, rape, and arson.
5. Nobles used their superior social status to rob and extort from the weak and then to corrupt the judicial process.
6. The ballads of Robin Hood most of the villains in these tales are fur-collared criminals.
7. Robin Hood was a popular figure because he symbolized the deep resentment of aristocratic corruption and abuse.

Question 15

Pathology and Care of Black Death

SD CF 3

Answer 15

1. Mid fourteenth century, Crimea, Western Europe, Mediterranean lands
2. Bacillus lived in bloodstream of animal or stomach of flea, resided in hair of rodent, rodents on ships and shipped around
3. pneumonic form- communicated directly from one person to another
   bubonic form- flea was vector
   4.People crowded, rat infested houses and streets, personal hygiene extremely low
4. physicians could ease pain but no cure, crowded hospitals
5. symptoms: growth the size of apple in armpit, groin or neck, buba (boil) puss filled, black spots from under the skin bleeding, cough blood, death followed soon after
6. highly infectious, people fled to country side, none traveled, locked themselves up
7. mortality rates could not be specified. Estimations: 1.4 million dead in England, Florence lost 1/2 to 2/3s of population, worked towards vaccines

Question 16

The Great Famine
(6)
Pg. 379-380, Orange

SD CF 3

Answer 16

1. Early 14th Century, all of Northern Europe
2. Considerable price inflation due to poor harvests.
3. Caused by severe weather.
4. Increased susceptibility to disease.
5. Workers had less energy which led to lower productivity/output and an ultimate increase in over all prices.
6. 1/3 of population died due to malnourishment and starvation.

Question 17

The Black Plague
(7)
Pg. 383-387, Orange

M.H & A.M

Answer 17

1. Mid 14th century. Began in Italy, spread to Germany, then to the rest of Europe.
2. Illness caused population losses and encouraged the working class to profit from the labor shortage.
3. Symptoms: Apple sized growth in the groin or on the neck.
4. Flagellants: believed the plague was Gods punishment for humanity’s wickedness.
5. The clergy cared for the sick despite the fact that the plague was highly contagious.
6. Foundation of new colleges and increased endowments.
7. Population loss increased productivity but an overall fall in production and a rise in prices.

Question 18

Hundred Years War
(9)
Pg. 387-393, Orange

M.H. & A.M.

Answer 18

1. (1337-1453) England & France
2. Conflicts over possession of Aquitaine between France and England.
3. English Kings supported by some French barons because the latter wanted to stop the French monarchy’s centralizing efforts.
4. English won Battle of Crecy due to longbows.
5. English and French kings influenced public opinion by instructing priests to deliver patriotic sermon.
6. Joan of Arc was the young woman that saved France during the Hundred Years War then was later caught by England and burned at the stake.
7. Consequences:
   - Development of a French National Assembly.
   - Emergence of English commons as a political force.
   - Rise of Nationalistic feeling in both countries (England & France)
   - Economic and social dislocation.
   - Ruined lands from so much fighting.
8. Henry V of England led the English to victory at Agincourt in 1415.
9. Direct cause from the war was King Phillip of France seizure of Aquitaine.

Question 19

Babylonian Captivity
(4)
Pg. 393, Orange

A.M. & M.H.

Answer 19

1. (1309-1376) Rome & Avignon
2. Rome became absent of a pope when Phillip the Fair of France pressured Pope Clement V of Rome to move to Avignon.
3. The Babylonian Captivity left Rome poverty-stricken, lacked stability and a good government.
4. The seven popes lived in Aginon.

Question 20

English Statue of Laborers
(3)
Pg. 386, Orange

M.H. & A.M.

Answer 20

1. Mid 14th century, England
2. Parliaments attempt to freeze wages of English workers.
3. Unsuccessful. Prices continued to increase causing inflation in items such as; wheat, meat, and dairy.