Chapter 22:The Revolution in Energy and Industry 1780-1860

Question 1

Sexual Divisions of Labor
(6)
738-740 GR
747-748 OR

Answer 1

1. Men were the primary source of income in the household.
2. Pattern of “separate spheres”(division between males and females) was heavily enforced.
3. Women often found limited job opportunities with very low wages, they were expected to focus on housework and caring for the children.
4. The majority of women in the workforce were either poor, widowed or not married and were forced to have to find a job.
5. The Mines Act of 1842 was passed prohibiting women and young boys to work in the underground mines because of the dangers.

KP&AH

Question 2

Challenges of Industrialization
(5)
736-737 OR

Answer 2

1. 18th century, England, entire European continent.
2. French Revolution disrupted trade, created runaway inflation, and caused social anxiety in the continent.
3. French Revolution handicapped Continental efforts to use new British machinery and technology.
4. Industrial enterprises grew, so greater investments were required.
5. Continental workers didn’t have the technological skills that British workers had.

KP&AH

Question 3

Iron Law of Wages
(4)
734 OR

Answer 3

1. 18th century, Great Britain
2. Law limited wages from rising higher above minimum level for laborer to survive.
3. Created by wealthy stockbroker, David Ricardo.
4. Created due to population growth.

AH&KP

Question 4

James Watt
(5)
731 OR
722 GR

Answer 4

1. Mid 18th Century, England
2. Improved the steam engine by adding a separate condenser.
3. Steam engine one of the most important, fundamental, inventions of the Industrial Revolution.
4. Allowed quicker, more efficient production.
5. Steam engine provided even more coal and began to replace water power during the 1780’s.

KP&AH

Question 5

Thomas Malthus and his Ideas
(4)
734-735 OR

Answer 5

1. 18th century, Great Britain
2. Wrote influential book, Essay on the Principle of Population.
3. In his book, argued population would always grow quicker than food supply.
4. Believed young men and women should marry late to limit population growth.

AH&KP

Question 6

New Inventions of the Industrial Revolution
(5)
728-729 OR

Answer 6

1. 18th century, Great Britain.
2. Hargreaves invented the “spinning jenny,” a multi-spool spinning wheel.
3. Arkwright invented the “water frame,” a large spinning frame requiring water power.
4. Stephenson’s effective locomotive called “the rocket” lead to more being built.
5. Railroads improved transportation, shipping was faster while costs were lower.

AH&KP

Question 7

Labor Laws

4

Answer 7

1. early-mid 1800’s, Great Britain.
2. Combination Acts was passed by parliament in 1799 to prevent unions and uprisings.
3. Factory Act of 1833 limited children from working long hours and declared children had to be enrolled in school.
4. The Mines Act of 1842 prohibited women and young children to work in the mines due to the dangers associated with the job.

AH&KP

Question 8

The Beginning of the Industrial Revolution

5

Answer 8

1. Late 1700’s, Great Britain.
2. Great Britain began the Industrial Revolution due to the natural resources they produced (iron and coal which were key components of the revolution).
3. They had rivers and canals which served as quick and transportation.
4. During the Agricultural Revolution, they were also more advanced.
5. They allowed and adopted progress as well as new ideas.

KP&AH

Question 9

Conditions of Work
(5)
744-746 OR

Answer 9

1. Late 18th century-Early 19th century, England.
2. Since cottage workers didn’t want to work in the new factories early on, child labor increased.
3. Family employment carried on into early factories.
4. Parents and children worked very long hours. (12-hr days were normal)
5. Factory Act of 1833 limited child labor and put and broke pattern of families working together.

AH&KP

Question 10

Problem of Energy
(6)
729-730 OR

Answer 10

1. 18th century, England, Russia.
2. Shortage of energy became severe in 18th century.
3. Wood important because it served as the primary heat source for homes and industries.
4. Processed wood (charcoal) is the fuel mixed with iron ore in blast furnace to make pig iron.
5. By 1740 British iron industry stopped progressing.
6. Russia became leading producer of iron due to vast forests and exported a lot to Britain.

KP&AH

Question 11

Class Consciousness
(5)
748-749 OR

Answer 11

1. 1800’s, England
2. Others became aware of the different classes because of different positions available in factories and workshops.
3. The minority of managers and owners looked after and were above the “hired hands” (workers).
4. The workers noticed the unfair wages and conditions and began strikes.
5. To prevent disorder and rebellions parliament passed the Combination Acts which outlawed unions and strikes.

AH&KP

Question 12

Grand National Consolidated Trades Union
(4)
749 OR

Answer 12

1. 1830’s, England
2. Proposed and organized by Owens in 1834.
3. Strike against working 8 hour days in harsh conditions.
4. Although it was the most influential union, it was unsuccessful.

KP&AH

Question 13

Steam Power Breakthroughs
(5)
732 OR

Answer 13

1. 18th century, England
2. Steam-driven bellows in blast furnaces helped ironmakers switch from charcoal to coke (made from coal) for pig iron.
3. Technological innovations caused a boom in the British iron industry, bringing economic consequence.
4. 1844 Britain produced 3 million tons of iron.
5. Iron became cheap and basic since so much was being produced.

KP&AH

Question 14

Chartist Movement
(7)
748-749

Answer 14

1. Late 1830’s-1850, England.
2. The people wanted a vote for every man of 20 years of age or older.
3. The secret ballot to protect voters .
4. No property qualifications to be required in order to serve for parliament.
5. the payment of members allowed a greater spectrum of honest men could serve constituency.
6. Equal constituency secured an equal amount of representation.
7. Annual parliament elections to limit the bribery and unfair elections.
8. This brought people together to fight for a democracy and against corruption.

KP&AH

Question 15

British industry
(7)
733-735 OR

Answer 15

1. 19th century, London, Great Britain
2. Great Exhibition held in the Crystal Palace in London.
3. Crystal Palace made entirely of glass and iron.
4. Britain alone produced 2/3 of world’s coal.
5. Britain alone produced more that 1/2 of world’s iron and cotton cloth.
6. Estimated that in 1860 Britain produced 20% of entire world’s industrial goods.
7. British people as a whole greatly increased wealth and national income.

KP&AH