Chapter 23- Ideologies and Upheavals

Question 1

Congress of Vienna

Answer 1

1. Early 19th Century, Austria.
2. Meeting of Russia, Prussia, Austria, and Britain.
3. The defeated Napolean’s France receiving punishment, an equal amount of political and military power to discourage aggressive motives by any states.
4. Restored France’s Bourbon Monarchy with Louis XVIII.

Question 2

Holy Alliance

Answer 2

1. Early 19th Century, Austria, Russia, and Prussia.
2. An alliance formed with conservative leaders of Austria, Russia, and Prussia to symbolize the authority over liberal or revolutionary movements.(Proposed by Alexander I of Russia).

Question 3

Robert Castlereagh

Answer 3

1. Late 18th Century- Early 19th Century, Britain.
2. A foreign minister of Great Britain.
3. Viewed national balance of power to all states with an equilibrium of political and military forces.

Question 4

Carlsbad Decrees

Answer 4

1. Early 19th Century, German States.
2. Created by Clemens von Metternich (Foreign Minister of Austria) to uphold authority of his conservatism throughout the German States and suppressing any liberal thoughts or ideas.
3. Did so by requiring the thirty-eight German member states to censor subversive ideas in universities and newspapers; also established a committee with spies and informers to punish any liberal or radical organizations through investigation.

Question 5

Liberalism

Answer 5

1. Starts around late 18th Century, viewed mostly in France and Great Britain.
2. Principles that consisted of equality before the law, representative government, and individual natural rights (speech, religion, press, assembly).
3. Was criticized for having the doctrine of laissez faire, no government involvement in the economy.

Question 6

Romanticism

Answer 6

1. Late 18th Century to mid 19th Century, Germany.
2. A movement that was against classicism and the Enlightenment and thought it was destroying the natural beauties of earth with industrial growth.
3. Beliefs through emotional exurbance, endless imagination, and spontaneity in both art and your personal life.

Question 7

Nationalism

Answer 7

1. Early 19th Century, origins from French Revolution and Napoleonic wars, Germany.
2. For people with specific history, language, and genius, shall unite for a single state.

Question 8

Socialism

Answer 8

1. Starts in early 19th Century, France.
2. Backlash against Individualism and fragmented societies.
3. Movement toward cooperation and community.
4. Ideals include: economic planning, economic equality, and state regulation.

Question 9

Karl Marx

Answer 9

1. Early- Late 19th Century, Germany and France.
2. Marx predicted that the proletariat (working class) would conquer the bourgeoisie (middle class) in a revolution.
3. Along with Friedrich Engels, Marx published The Communist Manifesto, which was a book about Socialism, nicknamed the “bible of Socialism.”

Question 10

Charles Fourier

Answer 10

1. Late 18th- early 19th Centuries, France.
2. Believed social utopia can be envisioned through mathematics.
3. Societies could be self-sufficient with 1,620 people. (Later tried and failed).
4. Proponent of emancipation of women, wanted the abolition of marriage.
5. “Young single women were sold shamelessly ‘sold’ to men to be wives in dowries.”

Question 11

Loius Blanc

Answer 11

1. Early- Late 19th Century, France.
2. Published: Organization Of Work, which he reached out to workers to demand universal voting rights and take over the state in a moderate way.
3. Blanc believed that the state should set up factories to guarantee it’s citizens full employment. The right to work became as important as any other right.

Question 12

Pierre Joseph Proudhon

Answer 12

1. Early-Late 19th Century, France.
2. Wrote a pamphlet: What Is Property?
3. This text just asserted his answer, theft. Property was a profit stolen from the worker, that was supplying all of the wealth.

Question 13

Social Classes

Answer 13

1. Bourgeoisie- Middle class, small minority in which owned the factors of production; Marx thought they were exploiting the working class for profit.
2. Proletariat- The industrial-working class, usually included the poor, also the average factory worker.
3. “Labor Aristocracy”- Includes factory foreman, has little authority over the average factory workers; the wealthiest of the proletariat class.

Question 14

Corn Laws

Answer 14

1. Early 19th Century, Britain.
2. Prohibited the importation of foreign grain until the domestic prices rose.
3. This benefitted the aristocracy, while it made prices to high for the proletariat.
4. This was an act of conservative reforms in Great Britain at the beginning of the 19th Century.

Question 15

Battle of Peterloo

Answer 15

1. Early 19th Century, Britain.
2. Protest that took place in St. Peter’s Fields in Manchester in response to the revised Corn Laws.
3. Later broken up by armed cavalry.
4. These protest the need of liberal reform by the people.

Question 16

Reform Bill of 1832

Answer 16

1. Early 19th Century, Britain.
2. Liberal reform in Britain that increased the number of voters by 50% and gave political representation to industrial areas.
3. Increased number of voters by decreasing the needed requirements.
4. This is the first of many reform bills for male suffrage in England.

Question 17

Great Famine

Answer 17

1. Mid 19th Century, Ireland.
2. Potato blight that killed plants and led people to starve.
3. This came right as the population had exploded; about 1.5 million died.

Question 18

Alexis de Tocqueville

Answer 18

1. Early-Mid 19th Century, France.
2. Author of: Democracy in America, it was a prediction of the overthrow of Louis Philippe’s gov’t.
3. Sided with the Socialist and their artisan allies while being opposed by the supporters of the republic.

Question 19

Metternich and Conservatism

Answer 19

1. Late 18th to mid 19th Centuries, Austria.
2. Metternich (foreign minister of Austria)–strongly conservative aristocrat, defender of upper class rights
3. Strong governments were needed to protect society.
4. Tradition was the source of human institutions; the nobles had authority without question.
5. Blamed liberalism as the cause of a generation of wars.