Chapter 20 The Changing Life of the People Flashcards
Illegitimacy Explosion
1) Late 18th century-mid 19th century, western Europe
2) Causes: growth of cottage industry, mobility
Wet-nursing
1) 18th century Europe (particularly northern France)
2) Women of the aristocracy and upper middle class seldom nursed their own children because they believed it was crude.
3) Urban mothers needed wet nurses because they had to work full-time
4) The nurse had little contact with the family
5) The nurse put the needs of her child second to those of the child whose family she worked for
6) Continued until methods of milk sterilization and distribution using ARTIFICIAL NIPPLES came into (fore)play.
Foundling Homes and Infanticide
1) 18th century in Western and Central Europe affected England, France,Austria and Germany
2) Infanticide: a method of hiding unwanted pregnancies, killing newborns
Foundling Home: a home for unwanted children so they won’t have to commit infanticide
3) 50-90% of Foundlings died within the 1st year
4) 1/3 of Parisian babies were immediately abandoned
5) Julia Grimm and Leah
The Impact of Diet on Health
- 18th centuary Europe, laboring poor relied on a low protein diet consisting largely of grains and vegetables.
- A lack of Vitamin C produces a disease known as Scurvy that effects the mouth and weakens the body.Side effects include: rotting gums, swelling of the limbs, and weakness
- Poor people ate less in the sixteenth centuary than in the fourteenth centuary because their general standard living had declined as the population surged in the sixteenth century
- Hunting laws in most European countires deprived the poor of the right to hunt and eat game
- Realied on the markets, garden markets to provide a substantial variety of meats, fruits and vegtables
- The diet of the rich consisted of rich meat and fishes, sweets, cheeses, and all kinds of nuts. They ate like rapacious carnivores.
- They worshiped their wealthiness and used it to an advantage for eating and overdrinking.
- In the sixteenth century there was regional dietary differences involving Northern Alantic Europe ate better then Southern Mediterranean Europe. The poor of England and the Netherlands ate better then both of them.
- Century progressed patterns of food consumption changed markedly and there was a general growth/increase in the market gardening creating a greater variety of vegtables that appeared in towns and cities
- After an initial resistance, the potato became an important dietary supplement in Europe
- Most remarkable and greatest dietary change in the eighteenth century involved the use of sugar and tea.
- The motivation for consuming products was a desire to emulate the habits of “respectable” people. The accelerating pace of the people of the 18th century seems to have created new needs for stimulants among working people.
- Working people in Europe became increasingly dependent on faraway colonial economics to get a better understanding of daily procure
New Patterns of Marriage and Illegitimacy
1) 18 century in Western and Central Europe affected England, France, Austria and Germany
2) Illegitimacy Explosion: the soaring number of illegitimate births in Europe between 1750 and 1850
3) Increased income= opportunities for more marriages
4) Married at earlier ages (women early 20’s, men later)
5) Married for love> economic reasons
6) Poorly paid women found marriage as an escape
7) Soldiers, day laborer, and make servants with insecure jobs were afraid of family commitment
8) These marriage patterns reflect marriages today
9) Julia and Leah
School and Popular Literature Works of the 18th century
1) 18th century in western and Central Europe and affected England, France, Austria and Germany
2)charity schools:teach the poor
3)reformers used literature to Instill religious values,
Literacy encouraged by Protestant and catholic reformations,
4)1717:Prussia made attendance in school mandatory
1682:France established Christian schools
5)religious works:bible, chap books:pamphlets that discuss bible verses
Entertaining works:fairy tales,medieval romances,adventures,historical fiction
Practical works :almanacs,rural crafts
Leah and Julia
Leisure and Recreation in the 18th century
1) 18th century in Western and Central Europe affected England and France
2) Traditional Celebrations:
A. Carnivals- dancing, drinking, ‘swapping’ the social order
B. Urban fairs/ Growth of entertainment industry- acrobats and freak shows.
C. Sports and recreation- blood sports: bullfighting, boxing and cockfighting
3) Criticism of Traditional practices-
A. Enlightenment viewed drinking, festivals and dancing as sinful.
B. lead to hostility between the upper and Lower classes
4) Social Life-
A. Women focused on domestic work and sewing/ spinning groups
B. Men focused on social drinking. More gambling
C. The family life had oral storytelling. Craftwork, cottage industry and arranged marriages
Julia and Leah
Premarital sex and community controls of the 18th century
1)18th century in western and Central Europe and affected England,France,Austria,and Germany
2)community controls kept illegitimate births low , 19%
Public shame used to discourage illegitimate births,adultery, and abusive relationships
3)methods of public shame: riding backwards on donkey holding tail, parading through city, insulting midnight serenades, throwing rotten vegetables
4)forms of contraception: coitus interruptus (pull out method) and sheath (animal parts)
Leah and Julia period 3
Smallpox inoculation
1) 18th century in England
2) most infectious after bubonic plague
3) Lady Mary Wortley Montagu: introduced smallpox inoculation to England, not popular at first 1/50 died
4) 1760’s mass inoculation in wealthy English families
5) spread to middle classes: declined the death rate
6) Edward Jenner: created small pic vaccinator. Small pox declined to the point of disappearance
Julia and Leah
Work away from Home
1) 18th century in Western and Eastern Europe
2) Young boys: plowed and wove.
Began local craftsmen and 15
Drifted from one tough job to another
3) Young Women: spun and tended cows. Crappy jobs
4) Servant Girls: cleaned, shopped, cooked and cared for babies
Victims of sexual attacks
Julia and Leah
Attitudes toward children in the 18th century
1)18th century in western and Central Europe
2)young children seen as a minor concern in all classes; were neglected because they were likely to die, were likely to die because they were neglected
3)feelings toward children influenced by frequency if death
4)doctors didn’t want to treat children,left to the care of women
healers and midwives, emotional detachment shaded off I to abuse for children
5)middle of the century this pattern changed because of critics like jean-Jacques Rousseau; urged wealthy women to nurse their own children and to show love and tenderness; This change were part of general growth of humanitarianism
Leah and Julia period 3
Sickness and Pain in the 18th century
1) 18th century in Western and Eastern Europe
2) Faith Healers:
- believed demons and evil spirits caused diseases
- believed to exorcise/ drive-out devils
- strongest in countryside
3) Apothecaries:
- Sold massive amounts of herbs and drugs
- large towns and cities
- “purging” rich given laxatives for bowels to be removed from the body
4) Physicians:
- training in hospital work/ universal courses
- little contact with urban workers
- Stressed purging
- blood-letting; cure-all because bad blood was the cause of the illness
5) Surgeons:
- cauterized with fire; cut off limbs and bones.. this reduced death
- unsanitary conditions= more death
6) Midwives:
- delivered majority of the babies
- treated female problems
- they were denied from colleges
- Midwives lost as many babies as men lost patients
7) Hospitals:
- operated on own beds
- infection was everywhere
8) Mental hospitals:
- bleeding and cold water used to discipline than cure
- moonlights and masturbation caused madness
