Chapter 14-Reform and Renewal in the Christian Church

Question 1

Martin Luther and his beliefs
Pg446-449 G
#9

Answer 1

1. (1483-1546).Early-mid 16th, Germany,
2. Developed Protestanism. Through his teachings his understandings is often summarize as faith,grace, and Scripture alone (sola fide/sola scriptura),which is the basis of Protestanism
3. God is the onlyone to give salvation
4. Dismissed indulgences and penances
5. Church is open to ALL believers
6. Believed in transsubstantiation as a result of God’s mystery not priests actions.
7. Used the printing press to influence in Germany,Switzerland, Denmark, and Sweden
8. Luthers teachings became the starting point in the many reformations to come.
9. Believed marriage was a contract and a compromise for human weakness, therefore there could be divorce.
10. He had many followers including Calvin, and Zwingli.
11. RC LC
12. MP SS 3rd period

Question 2

Diet Of Worms
(7)
pages 448-449 G

Answer 2

1. Early 16th, Holy Roman Empire
2. Religious council where Martin Luther was declared an outlaw for his radical religious views by Charles V.
3. Emperor of Holy Roman, Charles V and Catholic Pope put Luther on trial, found guilty.
4. The Diet Of Worms is when the Protestant Revolution started gaining momentum.
5. An noble elector, Ferdinand, protected Luther from punishment (shows that nobles used the religion to justify their political independence from higher authority)
6. Demonstrated the decentralized nature of HRE and the lack of authority of the HR emperor which made Protestant Reform possible (different from Wycliff and Hus in the ealry 15th century who failed at reforming the church.
7. Before the Diet of Worms, Martin Luther was ordered by the papacy to recant his words against Catholicism; Luther publicly burned this letter.
8. Rc lc
9. MP SS 3rd period

Question 3

Edict Of Nantes #5

Answer 3

1. Late 16th Century, France
2. It was a document issued by Henry IV that put a temporary end to wars between Roman Catholics and Protestants,like Saint Bartholomew’s Day Massacre
3. It Granted Huguenots (French Calvinists) religous freedom in 150 fortified towns
4. Protestanism weakened in France after 1598 when the king Henry VI converted to Catholic
5. The edicts renovation in 1685 by Louis XIV caused mass emigration of Huguenots to England and other countries.
6. Rc Lc

Question 4

Council Of Trent #5

Answer 4

1. 1545 to 1563 Trent,Italy; called by Pope Paul III
2. Catholic attempted to reform their chruch and reunite with Protestants.
3. The pope wanted to reform the church and secure reconciliation with the Protestants
   4.Made reforms such as supressing pluralism and simony, forbade the sale of indulgences and forbade clerics from having concubines
   5.gave bishops absolute authority of clergy and mandatory education.
   Rc Lc

Question 5

Henry IV #8

Answer 5

1. Late 16th - Early 17th
2. French Monarch Known for being ‘“Politions” (Put the interestsmof the nation before his own)
3. Converted to Catholicism from Protestantism after he became king
4. He was the victor in the war of the 3 henrys
5. He united France through absolutism
6. Passed the Edict of Nantes which gave Huguenots (French Calvinists) the right to religous freedom in select fortified town.
7. He lowered taxes on peasents and implemented the paulette (an annual fee paid to guarantee hereditry fo royal officials)
8. Was murdered in the early 17th century
9. rc lc

Question 6

English Reformation
 #5

Answer 6

1. Early 16th Century, England
2. Caused by King Henry VIII’s divorce that led to a break with the Catholic church
3. The Act In Restraint of Appeals declared that the King was the only authority that rule over england not the papacy
4. The Book Of Common Prayer made a common sermon for all of England
5. Queen Elizabeth solved problem with The Elizabethan Settlement which required all uniformity and allowed religous freedom in households but not in public.
6. Rc Lc

Question 7

Protestantism #5

Answer 7

1. Early 16th century
2. The Protestant movement ultimately proved a political disaster for Germany.
3. The adoption of Protestantism would mean the legal confiscation of lush farmlands, rich monasteries, and wealthy shrines.
   3.German princes protested the decisions of the Catholic majority.
4. Authority rests in the Word of God as revealed in the Bible alone and as interpreted by an individual’s conscience.
5. Martin Luther launched the Protestant Reformation and prompted other religions such as Catholicism to reform.
   RC Lc
6. MP SS 3rd period

Question 8

The German Peasants’ War
pg 454-455 G
#8

Answer 8

1. Early 16th century, Germany
2. Peasants revolted against nobles because of constant crop failure,they were bullied by nobles, stripped of their land.
3. Massive revolts first broke out in Swiss frontier, through Swabia, Thuringia, Rhineland and Saxony.
4. Peasants believed Luther’s theories would help them; used Protestent scripture slogans
5. To end rebellion and save the society Luther wrote the tract Against the Murderous, Thieving Hordes of the Peasants
6. The nobles crushed the revolt killing many peasants
7. one impact was that the peasants only had moderate economic improvements such as the common lands being returned for common use.
8. Another impact was that the war strengthened the authority of lay rulers and weakened popular appeal of the Reformation
9. RC LC
10. MP SS 3rd period

Question 9

Rise of the Habsburg Dynasty
Pg 457-58 G
#8

Answer 9

1. Mid 15th century to 16th century, involved unity of Austria,,Portugal, Netherlands and Burgandy through the marriage of Frederick III and Princess Eleonore in 1452 and their son and Mary of Burgandy in 1477.
2. Hasburgs dynasty rose b/c of new territory they gained through marriage not war.They were the strongest ruling family in the empire
3. Mary’s marriage to Maximilian gave the Hasburgs an international power, but angered the French who believed Burgandy was French territory
4. Centuries of conflict between Hasburgs and the kings of France
5. Maximilian increase Hasburg rule and married children to Fredinand and Isabella’s children,gaining influence in Spain,Italy and panish New World empire
6. His grandson Charles V fell heir to all the territory,inherited Spain,dominions inItaly,Sicily,and Sardinia from mom and Hasburg Austria,,southern Germany,low countries,and Franche-Comté.
7. He would soon rule about half of Europe,ruling states differently through certain people.
8. Rc Lc

Question 10

Political Impact of the Protestant Reformation
pgs 458-59 G
#7

Answer 10

1. late 1520s Germany,Switzerland,most of Europe.Protestants fought back against Catholic rule in empire.
2. Protestants challenged the system of Catholics being the centralreligion in the empire.
3. Adoption of Protestanism meant confiscation of farmlands,monastaries and shrines from Catholics.
4. Charles was pro-Catholic and waged religious wars in Switzerland. Which killed Zwingli
5. Treaty was made when Charles called an Imperial Diet in 1530. Protestants presented a Augsburg Confession, but Charles refused and ordered them back to the Catholic church,and to give up land, but Protestants made a military alliance
6. In 1546 Charles was victorious and in 1555 he decided to agree with the Peace if Augsburg recognizing Lutheranism,but political authority in each region decided what religion was permitted.
7. North and central Germany were mostly Lutheran and the south was Catholic, but there was no freedom of religion and everyonne had to belong to same church and convert or leave.
8. Rc Lc

Question 11

Calvinism
(11)
pages 470-472 O

Answer 11

1. Mid 16th century, Geneva and Scotland
2. John Calvin influenced social thought and developed Calvinism which spread through Geneva, and Scotland. He believed that Church was above state and that God held all authority.
3. 1541 he worked on establishing a Christian society ruled by God in Geneva.
4. Published The Institutes of the Christian Religion which highlighted the absolute sovereignty and omnipotence and weakness of humanity.
5. Developed concept of predestination- God decided at beginning of time who be saved and who would be damned.
6. Monopolized preaching and gave Genevan Catechism to people as a guideline in their daily lives.
7. Absence of sermons, criticizing minister, dance, cards, quarrels and drinking were punished.
8. Child baptism was rejected and people under 20 could not commit moral sin
9. Heresy,dissenters,adultery,blasphemy and witchcraft were banished or executed.
10. Calvinism was compelling force in international Protestantism
11. In Scotland John Knox structured church after Calvin’s Geneva, abolishing the Mass and establishing the Presbyterian church. Knox’s Book of Common Order was directory of church.
12. MP SS 3rd period

Question 12

The Reformed Papacy pg 467 G #8

Answer 12

1. 1540s Rome,Pope Paul III
2. The papal court feared loss of power,revenue,and prestigesothePopehelped reformit.
3. Paul appointed cardinals,abbots,,and bishops to improve education for the clergy
4. enforce moral standards and worked on correcting glaring abuses
5. Paul supported new religious orders topreach to common people,opened semenaries to train priests,ended the saleof church offices, and a stricter control of clerical life.
6. 1542 Paul established the Holy Office with jurisdiction(a powerful tool for Catholic Reformation) over the Roman Inquisition, and attcked heresy, under leadership of Cardinal Caraffa.
7. The Inquisition had 6 cardinals with authority over Catholics. They effectively destroyed heresy within the Papal states.
8. Outside statestheyhsd little influence.
9. Rc Lc

Question 13

French Religious Wars
Pg 472-473 O
#7

Answer 13

1. France 16th century
2. France was split between Calvinists(Huguenots) and Catholics prompting bloody warfare and protests.
3. Armed clashes between Catholic royalist lords and Calvinist antimonarchical lords.
4. Protestants smashed statues,windows and paintings, and riducled religious images(iconoclasm) and Catholic defended the images but both sides killed each other grusomely
5. 1572 Catholics slaughtered Huguenots at a wedding and killed many others. Relgious violence broke out everywhere; this was the Saint Bartholomew’s Day massacre which led to a 15 year civil war.
6. The politiques who were moderates of both faiths, decide to restore a monarch to end the violence.
7. One politique Henry IV published the Edict of Nantes which granted liberty to Hugenots in 150 towns.
8. Rc Lc

Question 14

Netherlands under Charles V

Pg 473-474

Answer 14

1. Charles V(1519-56) inheirted Netherlands
2. The Netherlands possessed liberties: self-governing,make their own laws,and collects own taxes.They made their living in trade and industry.
3. Charles divided the territories btween his brother Ferdinad and son Philip.
4. 1560s the Protestants were Calvinists and appealed to the working class
5. Spanish authorities attempted to suppress Calvinist worship and raised taxes which sparked riots; 30 churches were sacked,and images destroyed in a wave of iconoclasm.
6. War spread through Antwerp,Brussels,Ghent,Holland and Zeeland.
7. Philip II sent duke of Alva and soilders into low countries. He had his own tribunal “Council of Blood” and killed 1500 men.
8. War waged on for 10 years (1568-78) between Catholics and Protestants and the 17 provinces and Spain.
9. The 7 provinces led byHolland fotmed the Union of Utrecht and in 1581 was independent of Spain.
10. Rc Lc

Question 15

Anabaptists
(7)
pages 472-473 O

Answer 15

1. Mid 16th century, Switzerland
2. Anabaptists’ major belief was that once adulthood was reached, religious decisions such as faith and baptism could be decided; baptism was not to be forced upon minors.
3. They were huge believers in religious toleration and they often allowed women into the ministry.
4. Anabaptist churches were independent of the state.
5. Violence was not tolerated as they were firm believers in pacifism.
6. The majority of the Anabaptists were poor, unemployed, and uneducated.
7. In the later years, Anabaptists’ pacifism and separation of church and state contributed to the ideals of the Baptists, Quakers, as well as the authors of the U.S. Constitution.
8. MP SS 3rd period

Question 16

Henry VIII
(6)
pages 461-462 G

Answer 16

1. Mid 16th century, England and Ireland
2. Henry VIII helped reform the English Church for his own personal matters.
3. He was unable to divorce his wife, Catherine of Aragon, who was unable to give him a son, for Ann Boleyn who promised him a son, thus forcing Henry VIII to remove papal jurisdiction in the English Church.
4. Act in Restraint Appeals (1533) made Henry VIII, the monarch, the supreme sovereign ruler in England.
5. The Supremacy Act (1534) made the monarch the head of the Church of England.
6. Henry VIII created a new Protestant religion, the Anglicans, with little upheaval. This new religion contained hierarchy of the church, clerical celibacy, and transubstantiation.
7. MP SS 3rd period

Question 17

Elizabeth the Great
(4)
page 463 G

Answer 17

1. Mid 16th century, England and Ireland
2. Elizabeth created the Elizabethan Settlement which claimed that while in public, all English citizens were Anglican, however, while in privacy, people could practice any religion.
3. Made officials, clergy, and noblemen swear allegiance to her because of the Supremacy Act, but used the word “govern” so the Catholics could remain loyal to the pope.
4. Elizabeth the Great took a moderate stance between Catholics and Protestants and proceeded to help keep the peace and further the movement of the Anglican religion.
5. MP SS 3rd period

Question 18

Ignatius Loyola

Answer 18

1. 1491-1556. He founded the Jesuits(society of Jesus). Arrived in Paris when Calvin left
2. Jesuits played a huge role in the Counter Reformation.
3. Loyola and his followers dedicated their lives to the missionaries to the Holy Land
4. He was the Jesuits first general and organized a movement of highly disciplined followers that will carry out his work.
5. Jesuits were in Europe,Brazil and in the Far East by the time of his death
6. Follwers Gerrad and Xavier helped convert many people and spread the Jesuits teachings
7. Rc Lc

Question 19

Transubstantiation vs. Consubstantiation
(6)
pages 460-461 O

Answer 19

1. Mid 16th century, Western Europe, mostly HRE
2. Transubstantiation is the Catholic belief that the Eucharist was the actual body and blood of Christ. Consubstantiation was Luther’s idea that the Eucharist was not physically but spiritually the body and blood of Christ.
3. Zwingli agreed with consubstantiation and believed that the Lord’s Supper was in memory of the Last Supper and no change occurred in the Eucharist.
4. Calvinists also believed in consubstantiation.
5. Protestants and Catholics believed that the Eucharist was a source of grace.
6. Transubstantiation and consubstantiation created a more substantial divide between the beliefs of Catholicism and Protestantism.
7. MP SS 3rd period

Question 20

Catholic Reformation
(6)
pages 467-472 G

Answer 20

1. Mid 16th century, Western Europe (Catholic states)
2. The Catholic Reformation started reforming the papacy. Pope Paul III created the Holy Office which contained 6 cardinals with judicial authority over Catholics. The Holy Office tried to get rid of the corruption that Luther brought through Protestantism.
3. Pope Paul III called the Council of Trent(1545-1563) to reform the Church and make peace with the Protestants. He stated that both scripture and tradition were religious truths.
4. Tridentine decree Tametsi (1563) changed the validity of marriage, claiming vows must be said in front of witnesses and a parish Priest.
5. Angelica Merici, an Ursuline nun, helped educate the clergy and people, which was a main goal of the Reformation.
6. The Catholic Reformation suppressed pluralism and simony and banned indulgences in the Catholic churches.
7. MP SS 3rd period

Question 21

Jesuits
(6)
pages 469-472 G

Answer 21

1. Mid 16th century, Asia, Latin America, India
2. Jesuits (society of Jesus) were founded by Ignatius Loyola (1491-1556) in an attempt to stop the spread of Protestantism.
3. A modern version of Catholicism.
4. Ignatius Loyola wrote “Spiritual Exercises
   (1548) on his view of religion and morality.
5. Main goal was to “help souls”
6. Jesuits were very successful at attracting recruits and had success in the papacy and the reformed Catholic Church.
7. MP SS 3rd period

Question 22

Pluralism
(5)
pg 454 O

Answer 22

1. Early 16th century, Western Europe
2. Church officials held multiple offices at a time and collected revenues for all the offices held.
3. These clerics often did not perform any of their duties; instead, they hired others to fill in ex. Thomas Wolsey (Henry VIII’s chancellor) stepped into office once in his 15 years of his job.
4. Italian officials held positions in multiple countries.
5. The biggest consequence was that bishops worked for the church and state simultaneously; the church paid for bishops’ services to the state as well as the church.
6. MP SS 3rd period

Question 23

Zwinglism
(6)
pages 458-459, 461 O

Answer 23

1. Early/mid 16th century, Switzerland
2. Believed Christianity relied on scripture only; a big supporter of Martin Luther.
3. Relied heavily on Erasmus’ New Testament.
4. Attacked indulgences, the Mass, the institution of monasticism, and clerical celibacy–wanted reform in the church.
5. Believed in consubstantiation: the idea that the bread and wine only undergo a spiritual transformation. Stated that the Lord’s Supper was an example of consubstantiation.
6. Combined aspects of Catholicism and Protestantism to reform the Swiss Church.
7. MP SS 3rd period

Question 24

Indulgences
(5)
pages 447-448 G

Answer 24

1. Early 16th century, Western Europe, Catholic countries
2. A piece of parchment paper signed by the pope/church official replacing a virtuous act for money as penance.
3. A way to escape purgatory, a place separated from God after death, and to bring them closer to God after sinning.
4. Archbishop Albert of Mainz hired Johann Tetzel for an indulgence sale, this angered Martin Luther which led to him writing his “Ninety-Five Theses against indulgences.
5. The biggest consequence was that people began to believe indulgences automatically got them into Heaven and made them lose their perspective of the sacrament of penance.
6. MP SS 3rd period