Chapter 28 - Organic synthesis Flashcards
Functional group of nitriles
CN
How do you form a nitrile?
Reach haloalkanes with sodium cyanide and ethanol
What type of reaction is the creation of a nitrile?
Nucleophilic substitution
How do aldehydes and ketones react with hydrogen cyanide?
Nucleophilic addition
What is a hydroxynitrile?
Hydrogen cyanide adds across the carbon-oxygen double bond
What is produced when a hydroxynitrile reacts with hydrogen and nickel?
Amines
What is produced when a hydroxynitrile is hydrolysed?
Carboxylic acids
What is alkylation?
Transfers an alkyl chain from a haloalkane to a benzene ring
Aluminium chloride catalyst
What is acylation?
Benzene reacts with acyl chloride to form a ketone
Aluminium chloride catalyst
What are melting and boiling points used?
Test the purity of a compound
How does the melting point of an impure sample differ to that of a pure sample?
Lower melting point
Narrower range
How do you prepare a capillary tube to test melting point?
Hold it over the bunsen burner and heat until one end is sealed
Capillary tube is filled with crystals
How can you use electricity to measure melting point?
Place the capillary tube and sample into the melting point apparatus
Turn up the temperature and observe
When the solid melts, record the temperature
Repeat again but when you approach the melting point, increase in smaller increments to get a more accurate value
How can you use a Thiele tube to measure melting point?
Attach the capillary tube to a thermometer using a rubber band
Dip the end of the thermometer into the oil
When the solid starts to melt, record the temperature
Process of recrystallisation
Pour the solvent into the conical flask and warm
Add the sample
Add the solvent until the solid has dissolved
Allow the solution to cool
FIlter under reduced pressure to obtain crystals
