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A Level Chemistry > Chapter 11 - Basic concepts of organic chemistry > Flashcards

Chapter 11 - Basic concepts of organic chemistry Flashcards

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1
Q

What is important to remember about all organic compounds?

A

They contain carbon atoms

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2
Q

Why is carbon so important, especially in organic chemistry?

A

It forms chains easily

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3
Q

What does catenation mean?

A

Forming chains

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4
Q

What is a hydrocarbon?

A

A compound only containing hydrogen and carbon

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5
Q

What is a saturated hydrocarbon?

A

A hydrocarbon containing only single carbon bonds with the maximum amount of hydrogen atoms

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6
Q

What is an unsaturated hydrocarbon?

A

Contains multiple carbon-carbon bonds with less than the maximum amount of hydrogen atoms

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7
Q

What is a homologous series?

A

A family of compounds that have the same functional group and general formula

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8
Q

What do consecutive embers of a homologous series differ by?

A

A CH2 group

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9
Q

What are the three important important homologous series?

A

Alkanes, alkenes and alkynes

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10
Q

What are alkanes?

A

Organic hydrocarbons that are saturated and have only single carbon-carbon bonds

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11
Q

What are alkenes?

A

Organic hydrocarbons that are unsaturated and have double carbon-carbon bonds

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12
Q

What are alkynes?

A

Organic hydrocarbons that are unsaturated and have triple carbon-carbon bonds

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13
Q

What is a functional group?

A

The part of the organic molecule that gives the homologous series its characteristic reactions or properties

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14
Q

What are aliphatic hydrocarbons?

A

Carbon atoms linked in a straight chain, a branched chain or non-aromatic rings

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15
Q

What are alicyclic hydrocarbons?

A

Carbon atoms are joined in a ring

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16
Q

What are aromatic hydrocarbons?

A

Hydrocarbons containing a benzene ring

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17
Q

What is an alkyl group?

A

A fragment of the molecule with the general formula Cn H2n+1

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18
Q

What does the stem of a chemical name indicate?

A

The number of carbon atoms in the longest continuous chain

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19
Q

What does the prefix of a chemical name indicate?

A

The main functional group, which tells you which homologous series the molecule is in

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20
Q

Describe the process of naming alkanes

A

1) All alkanes will have the suffix -ane
2) Identify the longest carbon chain
3) Identify any alkyl groups attached to the carbon chain
4) Add numbers before any alkyl groups to show their position on the carbon chain

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21
Q

If there is more than one identical side chain or group, what should you use?

A

Di- or tri-

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22
Q

How many carbon atoms are in methane?

A

1

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23
Q

How many carbon atoms are in ethane?

A

2

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24
Q

How many carbon atoms are in propane?

A

3

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25
Q

How many carbon atoms are in butane?

A

4

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26
Q

Formula of methane

A

CH4

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27
Q

Formula of ethane

A

C2H6

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28
Q

Formula of propane

A

C3H8

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29
Q

Formula of butane

A

C4H10

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30
Q

Formula of pentane

A

C5H12

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31
Q

Formula of hexane

A

C6H14

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32
Q

Formula of heptane

A

C7H16

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33
Q

Formula of octane

A

C8H18

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34
Q

Formula of nonane

A

C9H20

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35
Q

Formula of decane

A

C10H22

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36
Q

What is the methyl alkyl group?

A

CH3

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37
Q

What is the ethyl alkyl group?

A

C2H5

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38
Q

What is the propyl alkyl group?

A

C3H7

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39
Q

What is the butyl alkyl group?

A

C4H9

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40
Q

What is the pentyl alkyl group?

A

C5H11

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41
Q

What is the hexyl alkyl group?

A

C6H13

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42
Q

What is the heptyl alkyl group?

A

C7H15

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43
Q

What is the octyl alkyl group?

A

C8H17

44
Q

What is the nonyl alkyl group?

A

C9H19

45
Q

What is the decyl alkyl group?

A

C10H21

46
Q

How to name organic compounds containing different functional groups?

A

1) Identify and name the longest unbranched carbon chain
2) Identify any functional or alkyl groups and select the appropriate prefixes or suffixes for them
3) Number the alkyl and functional groups to show their position on the chain

47
Q

What is the functional group of alkenes?

A

C=C bond

48
Q

What is the suffix used when naming alkenes?

A

-ene

49
Q

What is the functional group of alcohols?

A

-OH

50
Q

What suffix is used when naming alcohols?

A

-ol

51
Q

What are the possible functional groups of haloalkanes?

A

-Cl, -Br or -I

52
Q

What are the three suffixes used when naming haloalkanes?

A

Chloro-, Bromo- or Iodo-

53
Q

What is the functional group of an aldehyde?

A

-CHO

double bond between carbon and oxygen

54
Q

What suffix is used when naming aldehydes?

A

-al

55
Q

What is the functional group of a ketone?

A

-C(CO)C-

double bond between middle carbon and oxygen

56
Q

What suffix is used when naming ketones?

A

-one

57
Q

What is the functional group of a carboxylic acid?

A

-COOH

double bond between carbon and one oxygen

58
Q

What suffix is used when naming carboxylic acids?

A

-oic acid

59
Q

What is the functional group of an ester?

A

-COOC-

double bond between carbon and one oxygen

60
Q

What suffix is used when naming esters?

A

Alkyl-…-anoate

61
Q

What is the functional group of an acyl chloride?

A

-COCl-

double bond between carbon and oxygen

62
Q

What suffix is used when naming acyl chlorides?

A

-oyl chloride

63
Q

What is an amine functional group?

A

-NH2

64
Q

What prefix and suffix is used to name amine compounds?

A

Amino-…..-amine

65
Q

What is the nitrile functional group?

A

-CN

66
Q

What suffix is used when naming nitrile compounds?

A

-nitrile

67
Q

What does a general formula show you?

A

An algebraic formula that can describe any member of a family of compounds

68
Q

What does an empirical formula show you?

A

The simplest whole number ratio of atoms of each element in a compound

69
Q

What does the molecular formula show you?

A

The actual number of atoms of each element in a molecule

70
Q

What does the displayed formula show you?

A

The relative positioning of all the atoms in a molecule and the bonds between them

71
Q

What does the structural formula show you?

A

The minimal detail for the arrangement of atoms in a molecule

72
Q

What does the skeletal formula show you?

A

All hydrogen atoms are removed from the alkyl chain, leaving just the carbon skeleton and associated functional groups

73
Q

What is the skeletal formula of benzene?

A

A hexagon with a circle inside

74
Q

The general formula for alkanes

A

Cn H2n+2

75
Q

The general formula for alkenes

A

Cn H2n

76
Q

The general formula for cycloalkanes

A

Cn H2n

77
Q

The general formula for alcohols

A

Cn H2n+1 OH

78
Q

The general formula for carboxylic acids

A

Cn H2n O2

79
Q

The general formula for ketones

A

Cn H2n O

80
Q

What are isomers?

A

Two molecules with the same molecular formula but the atoms are arranged differently

81
Q

What are the two main types of isomerism?

A

Structural isomerism

Stereoisomerism

82
Q

What are structural isomers?

A

Compounds with the same molecular formula but different structural formulae

83
Q

What are the three types of structural isomer?

A

Chain isomers
Positional isomers
Functional group isomers

84
Q

What are chain isomers?

A

The carbon skeleton can be arranged differently, e.g. a straight line or branched in different ways

85
Q

Characteristics of chain isomers

A

Similar chemical properties but different physical properties

86
Q

What are positional isomers?

A

The skeleton and functional group can be the same but it is attached to a different carbon atom

87
Q

Characteristics of positional isomers

A

Different physical and chemical properties

88
Q

What are functional group isomers?

A

The atoms can be arranged into different functional groups

89
Q

Characteristics of functional group isomers

A

Very different physical and chemical properties

90
Q

What are the two ways in which covalent bonds can be broken?

A

Homolytic fission and heterolytic fission

91
Q

What is homolytic fission?

A

Each of the bonded atoms takes one of the shared pair of electrons from the bond

92
Q

What are radicals (sometimes called free radicals)?

A

Atoms or groups with unpaired electrons

93
Q

What is heterolytic fission?

A

When a covalent bond is broken, one of the bonded atoms takes both of the electrons, producing one negatively charged ion and one positively charged ion

94
Q

In which direction will the electrons move during heterolytic fission?

A

Towards the more electronegative element

95
Q

What is an organic reaction mechanism?

A

The sequence of bond-breaking and bond-making steps that show the path taken by electrons during a reaction

96
Q

What are curly arrows used for?

A

To show the movement of electrons when bonds are broken or made

97
Q

What are double-headed arrows used for?

A

To show the movement of a pair of electrons

98
Q

What are single headed arrows used for?

A

To show the movement of just one electron

99
Q

What happens during an addition reaction?

A

Two reactants join together to form one product

100
Q

What happens during a substitution reaction?

A

An atom or group of atoms are replaced by a different atom or group of atoms

101
Q

What happens during an elimination reaction?

A

A small molecule is removed from a larger one to form two products from one reactant

102
Q

What is a homologous series?

A

A family of compounds with the same functional group and similar chemical properties, whose successive members differ by the addition of a CH2 group

103
Q

What do cycloalkanes have the same general formula as?

A

Alkenes

104
Q

What is an electrophile?

A

An electron pair acceptor, e.g. Br2

105
Q

What is a nucleophile?

A

An electron pair donor, e.g. OH-

A Level Chemistry (29 decks)

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