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A Level Chemistry > Chapter 11 - Basic concepts of organic chemistry > Flashcards

Chapter 11 - Basic concepts of organic chemistry Flashcards

1
Q

What is important to remember about all organic compounds?

A

They contain carbon atoms

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2
Q

Why is carbon so important, especially in organic chemistry?

A

It forms chains easily

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3
Q

What does catenation mean?

A

Forming chains

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4
Q

What is a hydrocarbon?

A

A compound only containing hydrogen and carbon

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5
Q

What is a saturated hydrocarbon?

A

A hydrocarbon containing only single carbon bonds with the maximum amount of hydrogen atoms

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6
Q

What is an unsaturated hydrocarbon?

A

Contains multiple carbon-carbon bonds with less than the maximum amount of hydrogen atoms

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7
Q

What is a homologous series?

A

A family of compounds that have the same functional group and general formula

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8
Q

What do consecutive embers of a homologous series differ by?

A

A CH2 group

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9
Q

What are the three important important homologous series?

A

Alkanes, alkenes and alkynes

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10
Q

What are alkanes?

A

Organic hydrocarbons that are saturated and have only single carbon-carbon bonds

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11
Q

What are alkenes?

A

Organic hydrocarbons that are unsaturated and have double carbon-carbon bonds

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12
Q

What are alkynes?

A

Organic hydrocarbons that are unsaturated and have triple carbon-carbon bonds

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13
Q

What is a functional group?

A

The part of the organic molecule that gives the homologous series its characteristic reactions or properties

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14
Q

What are aliphatic hydrocarbons?

A

Carbon atoms linked in a straight chain, a branched chain or non-aromatic rings

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15
Q

What are alicyclic hydrocarbons?

A

Carbon atoms are joined in a ring

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16
Q

What are aromatic hydrocarbons?

A

Hydrocarbons containing a benzene ring

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17
Q

What is an alkyl group?

A

A fragment of the molecule with the general formula Cn H2n+1

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18
Q

What does the stem of a chemical name indicate?

A

The number of carbon atoms in the longest continuous chain

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19
Q

What does the prefix of a chemical name indicate?

A

The main functional group, which tells you which homologous series the molecule is in

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20
Q

Describe the process of naming alkanes

A

1) All alkanes will have the suffix -ane
2) Identify the longest carbon chain
3) Identify any alkyl groups attached to the carbon chain
4) Add numbers before any alkyl groups to show their position on the carbon chain

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21
Q

If there is more than one identical side chain or group, what should you use?

A

Di- or tri-

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22
Q

How many carbon atoms are in methane?

A

1

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23
Q

How many carbon atoms are in ethane?

A

2

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24
Q

How many carbon atoms are in propane?

A

3

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25
How many carbon atoms are in butane?
4
26
Formula of methane
CH4
27
Formula of ethane
C2H6
28
Formula of propane
C3H8
29
Formula of butane
C4H10
30
Formula of pentane
C5H12
31
Formula of hexane
C6H14
32
Formula of heptane
C7H16
33
Formula of octane
C8H18
34
Formula of nonane
C9H20
35
Formula of decane
C10H22
36
What is the methyl alkyl group?
CH3
37
What is the ethyl alkyl group?
C2H5
38
What is the propyl alkyl group?
C3H7
39
What is the butyl alkyl group?
C4H9
40
What is the pentyl alkyl group?
C5H11
41
What is the hexyl alkyl group?
C6H13
42
What is the heptyl alkyl group?
C7H15
43
What is the octyl alkyl group?
C8H17
44
What is the nonyl alkyl group?
C9H19
45
What is the decyl alkyl group?
C10H21
46
How to name organic compounds containing different functional groups?
1) Identify and name the longest unbranched carbon chain 2) Identify any functional or alkyl groups and select the appropriate prefixes or suffixes for them 3) Number the alkyl and functional groups to show their position on the chain
47
What is the functional group of alkenes?
C=C bond
48
What is the suffix used when naming alkenes?
-ene
49
What is the functional group of alcohols?
-OH
50
What suffix is used when naming alcohols?
-ol
51
What are the possible functional groups of haloalkanes?
-Cl, -Br or -I
52
What are the three suffixes used when naming haloalkanes?
Chloro-, Bromo- or Iodo-
53
What is the functional group of an aldehyde?
-CHO | double bond between carbon and oxygen
54
What suffix is used when naming aldehydes?
-al
55
What is the functional group of a ketone?
-C(CO)C- | double bond between middle carbon and oxygen
56
What suffix is used when naming ketones?
-one
57
What is the functional group of a carboxylic acid?
-COOH | double bond between carbon and one oxygen
58
What suffix is used when naming carboxylic acids?
-oic acid
59
What is the functional group of an ester?
-COOC- | double bond between carbon and one oxygen
60
What suffix is used when naming esters?
Alkyl-...-anoate
61
What is the functional group of an acyl chloride?
-COCl- | double bond between carbon and oxygen
62
What suffix is used when naming acyl chlorides?
-oyl chloride
63
What is an amine functional group?
-NH2
64
What prefix and suffix is used to name amine compounds?
Amino-.....-amine
65
What is the nitrile functional group?
-CN
66
What suffix is used when naming nitrile compounds?
-nitrile
67
What does a general formula show you?
An algebraic formula that can describe any member of a family of compounds
68
What does an empirical formula show you?
The simplest whole number ratio of atoms of each element in a compound
69
What does the molecular formula show you?
The actual number of atoms of each element in a molecule
70
What does the displayed formula show you?
The relative positioning of all the atoms in a molecule and the bonds between them
71
What does the structural formula show you?
The minimal detail for the arrangement of atoms in a molecule
72
What does the skeletal formula show you?
All hydrogen atoms are removed from the alkyl chain, leaving just the carbon skeleton and associated functional groups
73
What is the skeletal formula of benzene?
A hexagon with a circle inside
74
The general formula for alkanes
Cn H2n+2
75
The general formula for alkenes
Cn H2n
76
The general formula for cycloalkanes
Cn H2n
77
The general formula for alcohols
Cn H2n+1 OH
78
The general formula for carboxylic acids
Cn H2n O2
79
The general formula for ketones
Cn H2n O
80
What are isomers?
Two molecules with the same molecular formula but the atoms are arranged differently
81
What are the two main types of isomerism?
Structural isomerism | Stereoisomerism
82
What are structural isomers?
Compounds with the same molecular formula but different structural formulae
83
What are the three types of structural isomer?
Chain isomers Positional isomers Functional group isomers
84
What are chain isomers?
The carbon skeleton can be arranged differently, e.g. a straight line or branched in different ways
85
Characteristics of chain isomers
Similar chemical properties but different physical properties
86
What are positional isomers?
The skeleton and functional group can be the same but it is attached to a different carbon atom
87
Characteristics of positional isomers
Different physical and chemical properties
88
What are functional group isomers?
The atoms can be arranged into different functional groups
89
Characteristics of functional group isomers
Very different physical and chemical properties
90
What are the two ways in which covalent bonds can be broken?
Homolytic fission and heterolytic fission
91
What is homolytic fission?
Each of the bonded atoms takes one of the shared pair of electrons from the bond
92
What are radicals (sometimes called free radicals)?
Atoms or groups with unpaired electrons
93
What is heterolytic fission?
When a covalent bond is broken, one of the bonded atoms takes both of the electrons, producing one negatively charged ion and one positively charged ion
94
In which direction will the electrons move during heterolytic fission?
Towards the more electronegative element
95
What is an organic reaction mechanism?
The sequence of bond-breaking and bond-making steps that show the path taken by electrons during a reaction
96
What are curly arrows used for?
To show the movement of electrons when bonds are broken or made
97
What are double-headed arrows used for?
To show the movement of a pair of electrons
98
What are single headed arrows used for?
To show the movement of just one electron
99
What happens during an addition reaction?
Two reactants join together to form one product
100
What happens during a substitution reaction?
An atom or group of atoms are replaced by a different atom or group of atoms
101
What happens during an elimination reaction?
A small molecule is removed from a larger one to form two products from one reactant
102
What is a homologous series?
A family of compounds with the same functional group and similar chemical properties, whose successive members differ by the addition of a CH2 group
103
What do cycloalkanes have the same general formula as?
Alkenes
104
What is an electrophile?
An electron pair acceptor, e.g. Br2
105
What is a nucleophile?
An electron pair donor, e.g. OH-

A Level Chemistry (29 decks)

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