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a level chemistry > Chapter 27 - Amines, amino acids and polymers > Flashcards

Chapter 27 - Amines, amino acids and polymers Flashcards

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1
Q

What are amines?

A

Organic compounds derived from ammonia

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2
Q

What are aliphatic amines?

A

The nitrogen is attached to at least one carbon chain

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3
Q

What are aromatic amines?

A

The nitrogen is attached to a benzene ring

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4
Q

What is a primary amine?

A

One hydrogen, two R groups

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5
Q

What is a secondary amine?

A

Two hydrogens, one R hroup

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6
Q

What is a tertiary amine?

A

Three R groups

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7
Q

How do you name a primary amine where the amine group is on carbon 1?

A

Add the suffix -amine onto the name of the alkyl chain

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8
Q

How to name a primary amine where the amine group isn’t on carbon 1?

A

Use the prefix amino- and a number to indicate the position on the chain

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9
Q

How do you name secondary or tertiary amines?

A

The prefixes di- or tri- are used to indicate the number of alkyl groups attached to the nitrogen atom

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10
Q

How do you name amines where two or more compounds are attached to the nitrogen atom?

A

It is a N substituted derivative of the larger group

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11
Q

What happens when an amine reacts as a base?

A

The lone pair of electrons on the nitrogen accepts a proton and a dative covalent bond is formed

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12
Q

What is produced when an amine reacts with acids?

A

A salt is produced

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13
Q

How do you make a primary amine?

A

A molecule of ammonia acts as a nucleophile in a reaction with a haloalkane
An alkali reacts with the ammonium salt to form the amine

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14
Q

What are the essential conditions needed to make a primary amine?

A

Ethanol is used as the solvent and excess ammonia is used

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15
Q

How do you make a secondary amine?

A

You react the primary amine with a haloalkane again so further substitution occurs
An ammonium salt is produced

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16
Q

How do you make aromatic amines?

A

Heat nitrobenzene under reflux with tin and hydrochloric acid
The ammonium salt is reacted with excess NaOH

17
Q

General formula of an alpha amino acid

A

RCH(NH2)COOH

18
Q

What happens when an amino acid reacts with an acid?

A

The amine group reacts and a salt is produced

19
Q

What happens when an amino acid reacts with an alkali?

A

The carboxylic acid group reacts to form a salt and water

20
Q

What happens when amino acids are esterified?

A

Reacted with alcohol
Concentrated sulphuric acid catalyst
Carboxylic acid group is esterified and amine group is protonated

21
Q

What are amides?

A

Acyl chloride reacts with ammonia or amine

22
Q

Which type of molecules will show optical isomerism?

A

Those with a chiral centre

23
Q

What is another word for optical isomers?

A

Enantiomers

24
Q

Why do amino acids show optical isomerism?

A

They have a chiral centre

25
Q

What is a chiral centre?

A

A carbon atom bonded to four different atoms/groups

26
Q

What are optical isomers?

A

Non-superimposable mirror images

27
Q

How do you draw optical isomers?

A

Use the three types of line to draw them in 3D either sides of a ‘mirror’

28
Q

What are the two condensation polymers we study?

A

Polyesters and polyamides

29
Q

What is produced during condensation polymerisation?

A

Monomers upon and lose a molecule of water

30
Q

What is needed for condensation polymerisation?

A

Two different functional groups

31
Q

How are polyesters formed?

A

Monomers are joined

32
Q

How are polyesters made from one monomer?

A

The monomer contains both a carboxylic acid group and an alcohol group
An ester bond forms and a molecule of water is lost

33
Q

How are polyesters made from two monomers?

A

One monomer is a diol
One monomers is a dicarboxylic acid
A hydroxyl group reacts with a carboxyl group to form an ester link and water

34
Q

What are polyamides?

A

Condensation polymers formed by amide bonds between monomers

35
Q

What are the two ways in which a polyamide can be formed?

A

One monomer with a carboxylic and amine group

Two monomers with two of each of these groups

36
Q

How are polyamides formed from one monomer?

A

A condensation reaction occurs between the amine group and the carboxyl group to form an ester link and release water

37
Q

How are polyamides formed from two functional groups?

A

An ester bond forms between the amine group and the carboxyl group, releasing water

38
Q

Conditions for hydrolysing polymers

A

Hot aqueous alkali or hot aqueous acid

39
Q

For acid and alkali hydrolysis, book is the best

A

For acid and alkali hydrolysis, book is the best

a level chemistry (29 decks)

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