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A&P II > Chapter 28 > Flashcards

Chapter 28 Flashcards

1
Q

Organs included in male reproductive system

A
  • Testes
  • Seminiferous tubules
  • Epididymis
  • Ductus (vas) deferens
  • Ejaculatory ducts
  • Urethra
  • Seminal vesicles
  • Prostate
  • Bulbourethral glands
  • External organs
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2
Q

Gonad

A

Organ that produces gametes/hormones

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3
Q

Male gonads and gametes

A

Testes and sperm

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4
Q

Gametogenesis

A

General term for production of male gametes

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5
Q

Specific term for production of male gametes

A

Spermatogenesis

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6
Q

Coiled tubules inside the testes that produce sperm

A

Seminiferous tubules

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7
Q

Length of epididymis

A

20 ft

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8
Q

Length of vans deferens

A

18 inches

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9
Q

Series of tubules/ducts in testes

A

Coiled seminiferous tubules > straight tubules > rete testis > efferent ducts > highly coiled ductus epididymis > vans deferens

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10
Q

Luteinizing hormone (LH)

A

Stimulates cells in testes to produce testosterone

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11
Q

Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH)

A

Stimulates spermatogenesis

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12
Q

Gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH)

A

Stimulates cells in the anterior pituitary gland to produce LH and FSH

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13
Q

Number of days required for spermatogenesis to complete

A

65-75 days

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14
Q

Location of nucleus in sperm

A

Head

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15
Q

Function of acrosome of sperm

A

Covers head and contains enzymes to help w/ penetration

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16
Q

Contained in neck of sperm

A

Centrioles that form microtubules that make up the rest of the tail

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17
Q

Contained in the middle piece of sperm

A

Mitochondria that make ATP for locomotion of sperm

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18
Q

Function of tail

A

Movement

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19
Q

Function of Leydig (interstitial) cells

A

Secrete testosterone

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20
Q

Function of Sertoli cells (sustentacular cells)

A

Nourish/support developing spermatozoa

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21
Q

Function of testosterone and dihydrotestosterone

A
  • Prenatal development
  • Development of male sexual characteristics
  • Development of sexual function
  • Stimulation of anabolism
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22
Q

Where ejaculatory ducts form from

A

Junction of duct from seminal vesicle and end of the vas defens

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23
Q

What accessory glands of male genitals do

A

Produce seminal fluid (mixes w/ sperm to produce semen)

24
Q

Accessory glands of male genitals

A
  • Seminal vesicles
  • Prostate
  • Bulbourethral glands (Cowper’s glands)

** Produce sperm and testosterone

25
Accessory glands that produce alkaline secretion and what this does
Seminal glands and bulbourethral glands; helps to neutralize acid conditions in female reproductive tract which would likely immobilize the sperm
26
2 additional functions of Sertoli cells
- Produce androgen binding protein (ABP) >> Binds/maintains high testosterone levels near spermatogenic cells - Release hormone inhibin when level of spermatogenesis required for male reproductive functions has been attained
27
Other name for Sertoli cells
Sustentacular cells
28
2 hormones involved in negative feedback mechanisms in hormonal control of male reproductive function
Inhibin/testosterone
29
Organs included in female reproducitve system
- Ovaries - Uterine (fallopian) tubes (oviducts) - Uterus - Vagina - External organs
30
Female gonads/gametes
Ovaries and eggs/ovum/ova
31
Oogenesis and where it occurs
- Formation of gametes in ovaries - in ovaries
32
Inside ovarian follicle
Oocytes, follicular cells, granulosa cells
33
Released from mature follicle during ovulation
Secondary oocyte
34
Develops from empty follicle after ovulation
Corpus luteum
35
Differences in spermatogenesis and oogenesis
- Timing of onset of gametogenesis >> Males: spermatogenesis beings at puberty >> Women: oogenesis begins during fetal development - Spermatogenesis = 4 sperm produced from one spermatogonium that matures >> Oogenesis = one ovum (egg) produced from each one oogonium that matures - After puberty >> Spermatogenesis is continuous >> Oogenesis is cyclic
36
Occurs if only one follicle matures ea. month
One secondary oocyte released ea. month, only one ovum available for fertilization ea. month
37
Occurs when two or more follicles mature in a monthly cycle
- Each releasing of a secondary oocyte produces ovum - Possibility of multiple birth if all ova fertilized - Fraternal twins/triplets (developed from separate ova fertilized by separate sperm, producing separate zygotes)
38
Identical twins development
From fertilization of one ovum by one sperm, producing one zygote which is divided into 2+ embryos during very early embryonic stage
39
Uterine (fallopian) tubes
- Extend from ovaries to uterus - Fertilization occurs here - Cilia lining tubes helps move fertilized ovum (or oocyte if fertilization hasn't occurred) toward uterus
40
Uterus
Where fertilized ovum implants
41
3 layers of uterus
- Perimetrium (serosa) - Myometrium - Endometrium
42
Layer where fertilized ovum implants/what happens if pregnancy doesn't occur
Endometrium; layer is shed
43
Produced by secretory cells in cervix/advantages of this
Cervical mucus; makes it more chemically hospitable for sperm b/c it's less viscous and more alkaline
44
What occurs in ovarian and uterine cycle
- Ovarian: series of changes in the ovary during which the follicle matures, the ovum is shed, and the corpus luteum develops - Uterine: governs the preparation and maintenance of the uterine lining
45
Function of GnRH, FSH, and LH in female reproductive cycle
- GnRH: stimulates release of FSH and LH - FSH: stimulates initial growth of ovarian follicles and further development of ovarian follicles/their secretion of estrogens and inhibin LH: stimulates ovulation and corpus luteum/secretion of progesterone, estrogens, relaxin, and inhibin by corpus luteum
46
Functions of estrogens in female reproductive cycle
- Promote development of maintenance of female reproductive structures/secondary sex characteristics - Incr. protein anabolism - Lower blood cholesterol - Stimulate proliferation of basal layer (forms new functional layer after menstruation)
47
Function of inhibin in female reproductive cycle
Inhibits release of FSH (and LH to a lesser extent)
48
Functions of relaxin in female reproductive cycle
Relaxes uterus by inhibiting contractions of myometrium
49
Function of progesterone
- Secreted mainly by cells of corpus luteum - Cooperates w/ estrogens to >> Prepare/maintain endometrium for implantation of fertilized ovum >> Prepare mammary glands for milk secretion
50
Phases of female reproductive cycle
- Menstrual - Preovulatory - Ovulation - Postovulatory
51
Phases of ovarian cycle
- Follicular phase: term for menstrual and preovulatory phases together - Luteal >> Follicle w/ egg transforms into corpus luteum >> Progesterone/estrogen are released >> Levels of estrogen increase
52
Phases of uterine cycle
- Menstrual phase: functional/compact layers of endometrium are shed, discharging blood, tissue fluid, mucus, and epithelial cells - Preovulatory phase: group of ovarian follicles begin to undergo final maturation; endometrial repair also occurs in uterus - Ovulation: rupture of ovarian follicle/release of secondary oocyte into pelvic cavity - Postovulatory phase: progesterone and estrogens are secreted by corpus luteum/uterine endometrium thickens in readiness for implantation
53
Increase in estrogen in early cycle results from growth of what
Dominant follicle
54
Increase in estrogen in early cycle leads to what change in uterus
Lining thickens
55
Peak of LH in mid-cycle results in this event in ovary
Ovulation
56
Release of hormones to corpus luteum in late cycle results in this phase of uterine cycle
Postovulatory

A&P II (9 decks)

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