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A&P II > Chapter 28 > Flashcards

Chapter 28 Flashcards

1
Q

Organs included in male reproductive system

A
  • Testes
  • Seminiferous tubules
  • Epididymis
  • Ductus (vas) deferens
  • Ejaculatory ducts
  • Urethra
  • Seminal vesicles
  • Prostate
  • Bulbourethral glands
  • External organs
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2
Q

Gonad

A

Organ that produces gametes/hormones

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3
Q

Male gonads and gametes

A

Testes and sperm

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4
Q

Gametogenesis

A

General term for production of male gametes

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5
Q

Specific term for production of male gametes

A

Spermatogenesis

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6
Q

Coiled tubules inside the testes that produce sperm

A

Seminiferous tubules

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7
Q

Length of epididymis

A

20 ft

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8
Q

Length of vans deferens

A

18 inches

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9
Q

Series of tubules/ducts in testes

A

Coiled seminiferous tubules > straight tubules > rete testis > efferent ducts > highly coiled ductus epididymis > vans deferens

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10
Q

Luteinizing hormone (LH)

A

Stimulates cells in testes to produce testosterone

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11
Q

Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH)

A

Stimulates spermatogenesis

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12
Q

Gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH)

A

Stimulates cells in the anterior pituitary gland to produce LH and FSH

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13
Q

Number of days required for spermatogenesis to complete

A

65-75 days

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14
Q

Location of nucleus in sperm

A

Head

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15
Q

Function of acrosome of sperm

A

Covers head and contains enzymes to help w/ penetration

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16
Q

Contained in neck of sperm

A

Centrioles that form microtubules that make up the rest of the tail

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17
Q

Contained in the middle piece of sperm

A

Mitochondria that make ATP for locomotion of sperm

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18
Q

Function of tail

A

Movement

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19
Q

Function of Leydig (interstitial) cells

A

Secrete testosterone

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20
Q

Function of Sertoli cells (sustentacular cells)

A

Nourish/support developing spermatozoa

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21
Q

Function of testosterone and dihydrotestosterone

A
  • Prenatal development
  • Development of male sexual characteristics
  • Development of sexual function
  • Stimulation of anabolism
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22
Q

Where ejaculatory ducts form from

A

Junction of duct from seminal vesicle and end of the vas defens

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23
Q

What accessory glands of male genitals do

A

Produce seminal fluid (mixes w/ sperm to produce semen)

24
Q

Accessory glands of male genitals

A
  • Seminal vesicles
  • Prostate
  • Bulbourethral glands (Cowper’s glands)

** Produce sperm and testosterone

25
Q

Accessory glands that produce alkaline secretion and what this does

A

Seminal glands and bulbourethral glands; helps to neutralize acid conditions in female reproductive tract which would likely immobilize the sperm

26
Q

2 additional functions of Sertoli cells

A
  • Produce androgen binding protein (ABP)
    » Binds/maintains high testosterone levels near spermatogenic cells
  • Release hormone inhibin when level of spermatogenesis required for male reproductive functions has been attained
27
Q

Other name for Sertoli cells

A

Sustentacular cells

28
Q

2 hormones involved in negative feedback mechanisms in hormonal control of male reproductive function

A

Inhibin/testosterone

29
Q

Organs included in female reproducitve system

A
  • Ovaries
  • Uterine (fallopian) tubes (oviducts)
  • Uterus
  • Vagina
  • External organs
30
Q

Female gonads/gametes

A

Ovaries and eggs/ovum/ova

31
Q

Oogenesis and where it occurs

A
  • Formation of gametes in ovaries
  • in ovaries
32
Q

Inside ovarian follicle

A

Oocytes, follicular cells, granulosa cells

33
Q

Released from mature follicle during ovulation

A

Secondary oocyte

34
Q

Develops from empty follicle after ovulation

A

Corpus luteum

35
Q

Differences in spermatogenesis and oogenesis

A
  • Timing of onset of gametogenesis
    » Males: spermatogenesis beings at puberty
    » Women: oogenesis begins during fetal development
  • Spermatogenesis = 4 sperm produced from one spermatogonium that matures
    » Oogenesis = one ovum (egg) produced from each one oogonium that matures
  • After puberty
    » Spermatogenesis is continuous
    » Oogenesis is cyclic
36
Q

Occurs if only one follicle matures ea. month

A

One secondary oocyte released ea. month, only one ovum available for fertilization ea. month

37
Q

Occurs when two or more follicles mature in a monthly cycle

A
  • Each releasing of a secondary oocyte produces ovum
  • Possibility of multiple birth if all ova fertilized
  • Fraternal twins/triplets (developed from separate ova fertilized by separate sperm, producing separate zygotes)
38
Q

Identical twins development

A

From fertilization of one ovum by one sperm, producing one zygote which is divided into 2+ embryos during very early embryonic stage

39
Q

Uterine (fallopian) tubes

A
  • Extend from ovaries to uterus
  • Fertilization occurs here
  • Cilia lining tubes helps move fertilized ovum (or oocyte if fertilization hasn’t occurred) toward uterus
40
Q

Uterus

A

Where fertilized ovum implants

41
Q

3 layers of uterus

A
  • Perimetrium (serosa)
  • Myometrium
  • Endometrium
42
Q

Layer where fertilized ovum implants/what happens if pregnancy doesn’t occur

A

Endometrium; layer is shed

43
Q

Produced by secretory cells in cervix/advantages of this

A

Cervical mucus; makes it more chemically hospitable for sperm b/c it’s less viscous and more alkaline

44
Q

What occurs in ovarian and uterine cycle

A
  • Ovarian: series of changes in the ovary during which the follicle matures, the ovum is shed, and the corpus luteum develops
  • Uterine: governs the preparation and maintenance of the uterine lining
45
Q

Function of GnRH, FSH, and LH in female reproductive cycle

A
  • GnRH: stimulates release of FSH and LH
  • FSH: stimulates initial growth of ovarian follicles and further development of ovarian follicles/their secretion of estrogens and inhibin
    LH: stimulates ovulation and corpus luteum/secretion of progesterone, estrogens, relaxin, and inhibin by corpus luteum
46
Q

Functions of estrogens in female reproductive cycle

A
  • Promote development of maintenance of female reproductive structures/secondary sex characteristics
  • Incr. protein anabolism
  • Lower blood cholesterol
  • Stimulate proliferation of basal layer (forms new functional layer after menstruation)
47
Q

Function of inhibin in female reproductive cycle

A

Inhibits release of FSH (and LH to a lesser extent)

48
Q

Functions of relaxin in female reproductive cycle

A

Relaxes uterus by inhibiting contractions of myometrium

49
Q

Function of progesterone

A
  • Secreted mainly by cells of corpus luteum
  • Cooperates w/ estrogens to
    » Prepare/maintain endometrium for implantation of fertilized ovum
    » Prepare mammary glands for milk secretion
50
Q

Phases of female reproductive cycle

A
  • Menstrual
  • Preovulatory
  • Ovulation
  • Postovulatory
51
Q

Phases of ovarian cycle

A
  • Follicular phase: term for menstrual and preovulatory phases together
  • Luteal
    » Follicle w/ egg transforms into corpus luteum
    » Progesterone/estrogen are released
    » Levels of estrogen increase
52
Q

Phases of uterine cycle

A
  • Menstrual phase: functional/compact layers of endometrium are shed, discharging blood, tissue fluid, mucus, and epithelial cells
  • Preovulatory phase: group of ovarian follicles begin to undergo final maturation; endometrial repair also occurs in uterus
  • Ovulation: rupture of ovarian follicle/release of secondary oocyte into pelvic cavity
  • Postovulatory phase: progesterone and estrogens are secreted by corpus luteum/uterine endometrium thickens in readiness for implantation
53
Q

Increase in estrogen in early cycle results from growth of what

A

Dominant follicle

54
Q

Increase in estrogen in early cycle leads to what change in uterus

A

Lining thickens

55
Q

Peak of LH in mid-cycle results in this event in ovary

A

Ovulation

56
Q

Release of hormones to corpus luteum in late cycle results in this phase of uterine cycle

A

Postovulatory

A&P II (9 decks)

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