Chapter 25

Question 1

Metabolism

Answer 1

All the chemical reactions in the body

Question 2

2 phases of metabolism

Answer 2

Catabolic, anabolic

Question 3

Catabolism

Answer 3

Reactions that break down complex molecules into simpler ones; decomposition

Question 4

Anabolism

Answer 4

Reactions that combine simple molecules to make complex ones; synthesis

Question 5

Type of metabolic reaction that uses ATP

Answer 5

Redox reactions

Question 6

Type of metabolic reaction that generates ATP

Answer 6

Phosphorylation

Question 7

Where energy is transferred from fuel molecule to

Answer 7

Intermediate molecule (reduced coenzyme)

Question 8

Oxidation reduction reactions

Answer 8

Coupled reactions that use coenzyme to transfer energy, aka redox reactions

Question 9

Oxidation

Answer 9

Addition of O2, loss of H+/removal of e- ; results in decrease in potential energy of substance that is oxidized

Question 10

Reduction

Answer 10

Adding H+ or removing O2/e- ; results in incr. in potential energy of substance that is reduced

Question 11

2 important coenzymes incolved in the reactions discussed

Answer 11

NAD and FAD (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide and flavin adenine dinucleotide)

Question 12

What carbohydrate metabolism is mostly

Answer 12

Glucose metabolism

Question 13

Body’s needs for glucose

Answer 13

• ATP production
• Amino acid synthesis
• Glycogen synthesis
• Triglyceride synthesis

Question 14

4 enzymatic pathways involved in carbohydrate metabolism

Answer 14

Glycolysis, acetyl-CoA formation, Krebs cycle, ETC

Question 15

Where each pathway of catabolism of glucose occurs in the cell

Answer 15

• Glycolysis: cytosol
• Acetyl-CoA formation: mitochondria
• Krebs cycle: mitochondria
• ETC: inner membrane of mitochondria

Question 16

Anaerobic or aerobic: 4 pathways of catabolism of glucose

Answer 16

• Glycolysis: anaerobic
• Acetyl-CoA formation: aerobic
• Krebs: aerobic
• ETC: aerobic

Question 17

Products of glycolysis for one molecule of glucose

Answer 17

2 NADH, 2 ATP net gain, 2 pyruvic acid

Question 18

Products of acetyl-CoA formation

Answer 18

2 NADH, 2 CO2, 2 acetyl-CoA

Question 19

Decarboxylation

Answer 19

Loss of CO2

Question 20

Products of krebs cycle from one glucose

Answer 20

6 NADH, 2 FADH, 4CO2, 2 ATP

Question 21

What each carrier in ETC does

Answer 21

Picks up electrons/passes them to other carriers (releases energy from reduced coenzymes)

Question 22

What the energy released from reduced coenzymes in ETC is used for

Answer 22

To build up H+ ion gradient b/w inner and outer membranes

Question 23

Chemiosmosis

Answer 23

Mechanism that links chemical reactions w/ the pumping of H+ ions

Question 24

Glycogenesis

Answer 24

Storing glucogen; occurs in liver and muscle cells

Question 25

Glycogenolysis

Answer 25

Breakdown of stored glycogen; occurs in hepatocytes and the myocytes

Question 26

Gluconeogenesis

Answer 26

Synthesis of new glucose from noncarbohydrate precursors; occurs in liver and kidneys

Question 27

Hormones involved in other carbohydrate pathways

Answer 27

- Glycogenesis: insulin - Glycogenolysis: glucagon and epinephrine - Gluconeogenesis: glucagon, growth hormone, epinephrine, and cortisol

Question 28

Why lipids need transport molecules to help move them across blood stream

Answer 28

They are nonpolar/hydrophilic

Question 29

Lipoproteins

Answer 29

Lipid/protein molecules that transport lipids across blood plasma

Question 30

Amphipathic lipid

Answer 30

Lipid with both hydrophilic and hydrophobic ends (polar/nonpolar)

Question 31

Four classes of lipoproteins

Answer 31

1. Chylomicrons 2. Very low density lipoproteins 3. Low density lipoproteins 4. High density lipoproteins

Question 32

Source of most cholesterol in our bodies

Answer 32

LDL's/hepatocytes

Question 33

Function of lipids in our bodies

Answer 33

Oxidized to produce ATP

Question 34

Lypolysis

Answer 34

Splitting triglycerides into fatty acids/glycerol; lipid catabolism

Question 35

Produced in lipolysis

Answer 35

Fatty acids/glycerol

Question 36

Lipogenesis

Answer 36

Synthesis of fatty acids from glucose/amino acids; lipid anabolism

Question 37

Functions of four classes of lipoproteins

Answer 37

- Chylomicrons: transport dietary lipids to adipose tissues - Very low density lipoproteins: transport triglycerides from hepatocytes to adipocytes - Low density lipoproteins: carry about 75% of the total cholesterol in blood and deliver it to cells - High density lipoproteins: remove excess cholesterol from body cells and the blood and transport it to the liver for elimination

Question 38

Class of lipoproteins that having a high level of is good

Answer 38

HDL's

Question 39

Hormones involved in lipid metabolism

Answer 39

Epinephrine, norepinephrine, cortisol, etc.

Question 40

Beta oxidation

Answer 40

Series of reactions that form coenzyme A

Question 41

Happens when beta oxidation is excessive

Answer 41

2-C fatty acids get turned into acidic ketone bodies

Question 42

Ketosis

Answer 42

Overproduction of ketone bodies

Question 43

Ketoacidosis

Answer 43

Excess production of blood acids

Question 44

Some functions that proteins provide

Answer 44

- Synthesizing proteins - Enzymes - Involved in transportation - Antibodies - Blood clotting

Question 45

Produced when proteins are digested

Answer 45

Amino acids, fatty acids, ketone bodies, glucose

Question 46

How amino acids are used in the body

Answer 46

Generate ATP via krebs

Question 47

Chemical reaction that must occur in an amino acid before it's used

Answer 47

Oxidative deamination

Question 48

Where protein anabolism occurs in a cell

Answer 48

Ribosomes

Question 49

3 key molecules at metabolic crossroads

Answer 49

1. Glucose-6-phosphate 2. Pyruvic acid 3. Acetyl-CoA

Question 50

Functions of glucose-6-phosphate

Answer 50

- Synthesis of glycogen - Release of glucose into bloodstream - Synthesis of nucleic acids - Glycolysis

Question 51

Functions of pyruvic acid

Answer 51

- Production of lactic acid - Production of alanine - Gluconeogenesis

Question 52

Functions of Acetyl-CoA

Answer 52

- Helping 2-C acetyl groups enter Krebs - Synthesis of lipids

Question 53

Important factor in metabolic adaptations

Answer 53

Amount of time elapsed since last meal; determines if body is in absorptive or postabsorptive state

Question 54

Absorptive state

Answer 54

- Last meal was recent - Glucose is readily available for use by most cells in body to produce ATP by cellular respiration - Glucose/other digestion products stored in variety of rxns in liver, muscles, and adipose tissue to produce storage compounds to be used later

Question 55

Hormone that is important in absorptive state metabolism

Answer 55

Insulin

Question 56

Postabsorptive state

Answer 56

- Last meal was not recent - Stored foods must be broken down for energy - Food has to be broken down to release energy for the production of ATP - Greater variety of hormones involved

Question 57

Basal metabolic rate

Answer 57

Overall rate at which metabolic rxns use energy

Question 58

Main hormone that regulates metabolic rate

Answer 58

Thyroxin (thyroid hormone)

Question 59

Factors that increase metabolic rate

Answer 59

- Increase in exercise - Increase in thyroid hormones - Sympathetic ANS stimulation - Body temperature - Food consumption

Question 60

Thermostat of body

Answer 60

Hypothalamus

Question 61

Two automatic physiological responses that help cool body if temperature rises above normal

Answer 61

Sweat glands stimulated and blood vessels dilate

Question 62

Two automatic physiological responses that help to warm body if temperature drops below normal

Answer 62

Shivering and blood vessels constricting