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A&P II > Chapter 27 > Flashcards

Chapter 27 Flashcards

1
Q

2 fluid compartments in body

A

Intracellular – cytosol
Extracellular – interstitial fluid and plasma

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2
Q

Percent of total body mass that is fluid

A

55%-65%

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3
Q

Difference in total body mass fluid percentage in males and females

A

60% in males
55% in females

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4
Q

Percentage of body mass fluid that is intracellular/extracellular

A

2/3, 1/3

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5
Q

Percent of interstitial fluid in extracellular fluid

A

80%

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6
Q

Percent of plasma in extracellular fluid

A

20%

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7
Q

Plasma membrane

A

Separates intracellular fluid from interstitial fluid

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8
Q

Blood vessel walls

A

Separates interstitial fluid from blood plasma

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9
Q

Capillary walls

A

Allow exchange to occur

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10
Q

3 ways body gains water

A

Metabolic water, ingested food, ingested liquid
via ingestion and metabolic synthesis
***ingested liquid is way for most gain

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11
Q

4 ways body loses water

A

GI tract, lungs, skin, and kidneys
via urination, perspiration, exhalation, and feces
***kidneys is how you lose the most

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12
Q

Metabolic water

A

Water formed from oxidation of nutrients in the cells (byproduct of ETC)

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13
Q

Process produces metabolic water

A

ETC

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14
Q

Dehydration

A

Water loss > water gain

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15
Q

4 stimuli for thirst response

A
  1. Increase of blood osmolarity
  2. Decrease in blood volume
  3. Decrease blood pressure
  4. Dry mouth
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16
Q

What the stimuli that affect thirst response affect

A

Variety of structures:
- Osmoreceptors
- Atrial volume receptors
- Baroreceptors
- Kidneys

*** All lead to stimulation of thirst center

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17
Q

Location of thirst center

A

Hypothalamus

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18
Q

What the responses of increased intake of water does

A

Alleviates the problems indicated by stimuli (negative? feedback stimulus)

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19
Q

Main type of elimination of excess water

A

Urination

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20
Q

Major factor in determining fluid volume in the body

A

Amount of urinary salt loss

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21
Q

Obligatory water movement

A

Term used to describe “wherever solutes go, water follows”

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22
Q

2 main solutes/ions in urine

A

Sodium and chloride ions

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23
Q

3 major hormones that control sodium and chloride ion concentrations

A
  1. Angiotensin II
  2. Aldosterone
  3. Atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP)
24
Q

Major hormone that regulates water loss from kidneys

A

Antidiuretic hormones (ADH)

25
Q

How hormones that control sodium, chloride, and water

A
  1. Start with stimulus (incr/decr blood volume or blood pressure, incr/decr blood osmolarity, incr/decr in sodium ion levels, etc.)
  2. How stimulus affects body (kidneys, hypothalamus, osmoreceptors, baroreceptors, adrenal glands, heart, etc.)
  3. What rxns occured to alleviate problem indicated in stimulus?
26
Q

What happens when cell is placed in isotonic solution

A

Stays the same

27
Q

What happens when a cell is placed in a hypertonic solution

A

Swell

28
Q

What happens when a cell is placed in a hypotonic solution

A

Shrink

29
Q

Water intoxication

A

When excess body water causes cells to swell dangeously

30
Q

What happens to sodium ion concentration in extracellular fluid

A

Decreases (hyponatremia)

31
Q

What happens to osmolarity of excess fluid

A

Decreases

32
Q

Water moves (in/out) of cell during water intoxication

A

In?

33
Q

4 main functions of electrolytes

A
  1. Control osmosis of H2O b/w fluid compartments
  2. Help maintain acid-base balance
  3. Carry electrical current
  4. Serve as cofactors
34
Q

Most abundant ion in extracellular fluid

A

Sodium

35
Q

Most abundant ion in intracellular fluid

A

Potassium

36
Q

Most abundant anion in extracellular fluid

A

Chloride

37
Q

Most abundant anion in intracellular fluid

A

HPO42-

38
Q

Most abundant cation in extracellular fluid

A

Sodium

39
Q

Most abundant cation in intracellular fluid

A

Potassium

40
Q

Where proteins are most abundant

A

Intracellular fluid

41
Q

Most abundant mineral in body

A

Calcium

42
Q

Electrolyte that’s used as a buffer

A

Phosphate

43
Q

Normal pH range of arterial blood

A

7.35-7.45

44
Q

Three mechanisms of maintaining pH range of arterial blood

A

Buffer systems, exhalation of CO2, kidney excretion of H+

45
Q

Buffer systems

A

Chemicals that prevent body fluids from undergoing large changes in pH by regulating fluctuation in H ion concentration (works by picking up/releasing H ions as needed)

46
Q

Protein buffer system

A
  • Proteins have both amino acid w/ free acid group (can disassociate/act like acid when pH rises) and amino acid with free amino group (can disassociate and act like base when pH drops)
  • Hemoglobin = main protein buffer in blood
47
Q

Carbonic acid-bicarbonate

A
  • Bicarbonate ions act as a weak base, and carbonic acid acts as a weak acid
    » pH drops, bicarbonate removes excess H ions
    » pH rises, carbonic acid releases H ions
48
Q

Phosphate buffer system

A

Dihydrogen phosphate acts as weak cid, monohydrogen phosphate acts as weak base
» pH rises, dihydrogen phosphate releases H ions
» pH drops, monohydrogen phosphate removes excess H ions

49
Q

Exhalation of CO2

A

CO2 released in respiration unites w/ water in blood to produce carbonic acid, makes blood more acidic
» Exhaling CO2 leads to less acid production and rise in pH
» Retaining CO2 leads to more acid production and drop in pH

50
Q

How respiratory system helps to regulate pH

A

Alters ventilation rate

51
Q

Kidney excretion of H ions

A

Allow for pH adjustments
- H ions and bicarbonate ions can be reabsorbed into blood/secreted into filtrate as needed for pH adjustment

52
Q

How urinary system helps regulate pH of body fluids

A

Alters filtrate of pH, therefore altering blood pH as well

53
Q

Acidosis vs. alkalosis

A

Blood pH < 7.35, blood pH > 7.45

54
Q

Respiratory acidosis

A

Blood pH drops due to excessive retention of CO2

55
Q

Respiratory alkalosis

A

Blood pH rises due to excessive loss of CO2

56
Q

Metabolic acidosis

A

Arterial blood level of bicarbonate ions decreases

57
Q

Metabolic alkalosis

A

Arterial blood level of bicarbonate ions increases

A&P II (9 decks)

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