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A&P II > Chapter 17 > Flashcards

Chapter 17 Flashcards

1
Q

Photopigments in rods

A

Rhodopsin

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2
Q

Rods and cones contain photopigments that absorb light which initiates the events that lead to this

A

Nerve impulse

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3
Q

Refraction

A

Bending

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4
Q

Know compartments of eye

A

Know compartments of eye

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5
Q

Tarsal plate

A

Fold of connective tissue that gives form to eyelids

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6
Q

Extrinsic eye muscles

A

Controls movement of eyeball itself

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7
Q

Palpebral muscles

A

Control eyelid movement (opening and closing eyes)

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8
Q

Two types of photoreceptors in retina

A
  • Rods: see in dim light
  • Cones: produce color vision

Axons of these exit at the optic (II) nerve

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9
Q

Fovea centralis

A

Area of highest visual acuity

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10
Q

Macula lutea

A

Exact center of retina

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11
Q

Optic disc

A

Point at which optic nerve exits the eyes (aka blind spot)

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12
Q

3 layers of eye

A
  • Fibrous tunic
    » Cornea: admits/refracts (bends) light
    » Sclera: provides shape/protects inner parts
  • Vascular tunic
    » Choroid: provides blood supply and absorbs scattered light
    » Ciliary body: secretes aqueous humor/alters shape of lens for near or far vision
    » Iris: regulates amount of light entering eye
  • Retina
    » Pigmented layer
    » Neural layer
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13
Q

Pathway for tears

A
  • Lacrimal gland secretes tears into
  • Excretory lacrimal ducts (distribute tears over surface of eye)
  • Superior/inferior lacrimal caniliculi drains tears to
  • Lacrimal sac, then drains tears into
  • Nasolacrimal duct then drains tears into
  • Nasal cavity
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14
Q

Function of lacrimal apparatus

A

Produces and drains tears

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15
Q

Keeps eyelids from sticking to ea. other

A

Row of sebaceous glands (tarsa;/Meibomian glands)

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16
Q

Keeps eyelids from sticking to ea. other

A

Row of sebaceous glands (tarsal/Meibomian glands)

17
Q

Conjuctiva

A

Thin, protective mucous membrane that lines eyelids/covers sclera

18
Q

Accessory structures of eyes

A
  • Eyelids
  • Eyelashes
  • Eyebrows
  • Lacrimal apparatus
  • Extrinsic eye muscles
19
Q

3 cranial nerves that carry impulses in the gustatory pathway

A
  1. Facial (VII): carries taste info from anterior 2/3 of tongue
  2. Glossopharyngeal (IX): carries taste info from the posterior 1/3 of tongue
  3. Vagus (V): carries taste info from taste buds on epiglottis and in the throat
20
Q

Types of papillae

A
  • Vallate
    » Around 12
    » 100-300 taste buds
  • Fungiform
    » Scattered on tongue
    » Around 5 tastebuds ea.
  • Follate
    » In lateral trenches of tongue w/ taste buds
    » Most degenerate in childhood
  • Filiform
    » Have tactile receptors
    » No tastebuds
    » Incr. friction to make it easier for tongue to move food in mouth
21
Q

Papillae

A

Elevations where taste buds on tongue are located

22
Q

Three kinds of epithelial cells located in taste buds

A
  1. Supporting cells
  2. Gustatory receptor cells
  3. Basal stem cells
23
Q

Where taste buds are located

A
  • Tongue of YA
  • Soft palate
  • Pharynx
  • Epiglottis
24
Q

5 primary tastes

A
  1. Sour
  2. Sweet
  3. Bitter
  4. Salt
  5. Umami
25
Q

Olfactory transduction

A

Binding of odorant molecule to an olfactory receptor protein

26
Q

Lobe of cerebral cortex that contains the primary olfactory area

A

Cerebral cortex/cerebellum

27
Q

Know pathway of nerve impulses from receptors to the primary olfactory area of cerebral cortex

A

Know pathway of nerve impulses from receptors to the primary olfactory area of cerebral cortex

28
Q

Three types/functions of cells in olfactory epithelium

A
  1. Olfactory receptor cell: produce mucus used to dissolve odor molecules so transduction can occur
  2. Supporting cells: physical support, nourishment, and electrical insulation for olfactory receptor cells
  3. Basal cells: undergo mitosis to replace olfactory receptor cells
29
Q

Location of olfactory epithelium

A

Inferior surface of cribriform plate (of ethmoid bone of skull) and extends along superior nasal concha

30
Q

Where receptors are for general senses

A

Widespread in body (pain receptors, pressure receptors, etc.)

31
Q

3 types of sensory receptors

A
  1. Free nerve endings of 1st order sensory neurons
  2. Encapsulated nerve endings of the 1st order sensory neuron
  3. Separate cells that synapse w/ first order sensory neurons
32
Q

4 events in the process of sensation

A
  1. Stimulation of sensory receptor
  2. Transduction of stimulus: conversion of stimulus energy to neural energy
  3. Generation of nerve impulses: energy levels build up to where graded potential has propagated an action potential toward CNS
  4. Integration of sensory input: brain interprets input in cerebral cortex in CNS

A&P II (9 decks)

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