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A&P II > Chapter 26 > Flashcards

Chapter 26 Flashcards

1
Q

Organs of urinary system

A
  • Kidneys
  • Ureters
  • Urinary bladder
  • Urethera
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2
Q

Function of urinary system

A

Maintains homeostasis by managing the volume and composition of fluid reservoirs, primarily blood

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3
Q

Function of kidneys

A

Eliminates liquid waste (urea) and help maintain homeostasis

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4
Q

Function of ureters

A

Carry urine from the kidneys to the bladder

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5
Q

Function of urinary bladder

A

Stores urine

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6
Q

Function of urethra

A

Allows urine to pass outside body

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7
Q

Nephron

A

Functional units that make kidneys work the way they do

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8
Q

How urinary system affects circulatory system

A

Because of erythropoietin production

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9
Q

How kidneys are involved in homeostatic regulatory functions

A
  • Blood ionic composition
  • Blood pH
  • Blood volume
  • BP
  • Blood osmolarity
  • Hormones
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10
Q

Main importance of kidneys

A

Regulating blood volume and blood pressure

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11
Q

Renal hilum

A

Where vessels, nerves, and ureters pass

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12
Q

Structures that enter the hilum

A
  • Renal artery
  • Renal vein
  • Ureter
  • Nerves
  • Lymphatics
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13
Q

3 layers of connective tissue surrounding the kidney

A
  • Renal fascia: anchors to other structures
  • Adipose capsule: protects/anchors
  • Renal capsule: continuous with ureter
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14
Q

Where nephrons are located

A

Renal pyramids

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15
Q

Number of nephrons in human body

A

~ 2 mil, 1 mil in each kidney

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16
Q

Percent of resting cardiac output kidneys receive

A

20%-25%

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17
Q

Glomerular capillaries

A

Knot/cluster of capillaries inside renal corpuscle

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18
Q

Main functions of nephron and kidney

A
  • Glomerular filtration
  • Tubular reabsorption
  • Tubular secretion
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19
Q

Counter current multiplication

A

Forms and maintains vertical water osmotic gradient

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20
Q

Effect of hormones on kidney function

A

Renin released, activates enzyme causing blood vessels to constrict, increase BP, releasing diff hormone/enzyme

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21
Q

Glomerular filtration rate (GFR)

A

Estimates how much blood passes through the glomeruli each minute/fluid going through kidneys?

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22
Q

How blood pressure and GFR are related

A

Increased blood volume and increased blood pressure will increase GFR

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23
Q

Function of macula densa

A

Maintenance of body fluid, electrolyte homeostasis, and blood pressure

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24
Q

Obligatory water reabsorption

A

Reabsorption of water in the early sections of the nephron regardless of the state of the body’s hydration

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25
Q

Function of juxtaglomerular (JGA) in blood pressure control

A

Helps control blood pressure in kidneys in conjunction with ANS ; consists of macula densa and juxtaglomerular cells

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26
Q

Parts of nephron

A
  • Renal corpuscle: filters blood
  • Renal tubule: filtrate is altered by absorption and secretion
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27
Q

Flow of fluid through a nephron

A
  • Glomerular (Bowman’s) capsule
  • Proximal convoluted tubule
  • Descending limb of the loop of Henle
  • Thin ascending limb of the loop of Henle
  • Thick ascending limb of loop of Henle
  • Distal convoluted tubule
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28
Q

Differences in two types of nephrons

A

Cortical nephrons
- Have a glomerulus located nearer to the outer parts of the cortex
- Loops of Henle are short

Juxtamedullary nephrons
- Have a glomerulus near the junction of the cortex and medulla
- Loops of Henle penetrate deep into the medulla

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29
Q

Two parts of renal corpuscle

A

Glomerulus and glomerular (Bowman’s) capsule

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30
Q

Podocytes

A

Wrap around capillaries

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31
Q

What glomerular filtration membrane consists of

A
  • Glomerular endothelial cell layer with fenestrations
  • Basement membrane of the glomerulus
  • Slit membrane b/w podocytes
32
Q

What can pass through the layers of glomerular filtration membranes

A

Water and ions

33
Q

Can’t pass through the layers of filtration membrane

A

Molecules, glucose

34
Q

Two types of nephrons

A

Cortical and juxtamedullary

35
Q

More common type of nephron

A

Cortical

36
Q

Type of nephron that produces more concentrated urine

A

Juxtamedullary

37
Q

Relationship between three processes involved in urine formation

A

Excretion of solute = Glomerular filtration + secretion - reabsorption

38
Q

Structural differences in two types of nephrons

A

Juxtamedullary has thick and thin long nephron loop

Cortical has short loops of Henle that extend into outer region of medulla

39
Q

Juxtaglomerular apparatus (JGA)

A

Consists of macula densa and juxtaglomeruler cells, helps to control blood pressure in kidneys

40
Q

Average number of liters of blood in body

A

5 L

41
Q

Average amount of urine formed in a day

A

1.5 - 2 L

42
Q

Number of liters of blood that can be filtered a day

A

180 L (filtering the same 5 L)

43
Q

What body producing 1.5 - 2 L of urine a day indicates

A

Rest of fluid is being reabsorbed into blood

44
Q

Glomerular filtration rate (GFR)

A

Amount of filtrate formed by both kidneys each minute

45
Q

Problem that occurs if GFR is too high/low

A

Substances pass too quickly and are not reabsorbed

Nearly all reabsorbed except some waste products

46
Q

Two areas that fluid moving from one area to another depends on

A

Glomerular capillaries and surrounding capsule

47
Q

3 pressures involved in process of glomerular filtration

A
  1. Glomerular blood hydrostatic pressure (GBHP): forces fluid from glomerulus into capsule
  2. Capsular hydrostatic pressure (CHP): forces fluid into glomerulus from capsule
  3. Blood colloid osmotic pressure (BCOP): pulls fluid into the glomerulus from the capsule
48
Q

How to calculate net filtration pressure (NFP)

A

NFP = GBHP - CHP - BCOP

49
Q

Included in glomerular filtrate of renal filtration

A

Water, nitrogenous waste, nutrients

50
Q

Effect that increase/decrease in blood pressure has on GFR

A

Directly correlated, increase = increase, decrease = decrease

51
Q

Adjusting these 2 things will regulate GFR

A

Amount of blood flowing into the glomerulus, surface area of glomerulus

52
Q

How adjustments that regulate GFR can be made

A
  1. Renal autoregulation
  2. Neural regulation
  3. Hormonal regulation
53
Q

Paracellular reabsorption vs. transcellular reabsorption

A

Passive fluid leakage b/w cells

vs.

Directly through tubular cells

54
Q

Obligatory water reabsorption vs. facultative water reabsorption

A

Water follows solutes that are reabsorbed

vs.

Regulated by ADH

55
Q

Where majority of reabsorption occurs in tubule

A

Proximal convoluted tube (PCT)

56
Q

Substances reabsorbed in PCT

A

Water, ions, glucose, amino acids

57
Q

Reabsorbed in descending/ascending limb of loop of Henle

A

Water, little obligatory water reabsorption

58
Q

Part of tubule impermeable to water

A

ascending limb

59
Q

Reabsorbed in early DCT

A

NaCl symporters reabsorb ions, PTH stimulates reabsorption of Ca

60
Q

Reabsorbed in late DCT and collecting duct

A

Principle cells –> Na
Aquaporin 2 –> Water
Intercalated cells –> K, HCO3, H

61
Q

Osmolarity of both blood and initial glomerular filtrate

A

300 mOsm/L

  • but as filtrate passes through nephron tubule, its osmolarity changes b/c conc. gradient in interstitial fluid in medulla
62
Q

How osmolarity of filtrate changes

A

Incr. in descending limb of loop
Decr. in ascending limb of loop
Decr. more in collecting duct

63
Q

Why osmolarity of filtrate changes

A

Water is reabsorbed from descending limb of loop, salt is reabsorbed from ascending limb of loop, but is relatively impermeable to water, so solutes leave the ascending limb, but water doesn’t

64
Q

How osmolarity of interstital fluid of medulla changes as you go deeper into medulla

A

Increases

65
Q

How juxtamedullary nephrons affect surface area for water reabsorption

A

Provide much more, produces more concentrated urine

66
Q

What regulation of osmolarity of body fluids depends on

A
  • Formation of medullary osmotic gradient
  • Amount of ADH in collecting duct

Allow for formation of concentrated urine

67
Q

What production of medullary gradient depends on

A
  • Differences in water and solute permeability and reabsorption in diff. limbs of the loop
  • Urea cycling in the medulla
  • Countercurrent exchange in vasa recta
68
Q

Vasa recta and function

A

Long, hairpin shaped blood vessels that run parallel to loop of Henle
* Maintain concentration gradient by adding/removing solute and water from medulla

69
Q

Urea cycling

A

???

70
Q

Importance of urea recycling

A

Greatly incr. medullary osmotic gradient values to final amounts

71
Q

2 solutes that contribute the most to high osmolarity of the interstitial fluid of the medulla

A

Sodium chloride, medulla

72
Q

Ureter function

A

Transport tubes that move urine from kidneys to urinary bladder

73
Q

Bladder

A

Temporarily store urine until convenient to discharge from body

74
Q

Urethra

A

Drainage tube that transports stored urine from body

75
Q

Micturition

A

Urinating

76
Q

Difference in urethra in men and women

A

Men: 5x longer, 3 segments, common duct for urinary and genital systems
Women: One short tube, two different systems for urinary and genitals

A&P II (9 decks)

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