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Chapter 26 Flashcards

1
Q

Organs of urinary system

A
  • Kidneys
  • Ureters
  • Urinary bladder
  • Urethera
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2
Q

Function of urinary system

A

Maintains homeostasis by managing the volume and composition of fluid reservoirs, primarily blood

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3
Q

Function of kidneys

A

Eliminates liquid waste (urea) and help maintain homeostasis

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4
Q

Function of ureters

A

Carry urine from the kidneys to the bladder

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5
Q

Function of urinary bladder

A

Stores urine

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6
Q

Function of urethra

A

Allows urine to pass outside body

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7
Q

Nephron

A

Functional units that make kidneys work the way they do

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8
Q

How urinary system affects circulatory system

A

Because of erythropoietin production

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9
Q

How kidneys are involved in homeostatic regulatory functions

A
  • Blood ionic composition
  • Blood pH
  • Blood volume
  • BP
  • Blood osmolarity
  • Hormones
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10
Q

Main importance of kidneys

A

Regulating blood volume and blood pressure

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11
Q

Renal hilum

A

Where vessels, nerves, and ureters pass

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12
Q

Structures that enter the hilum

A
  • Renal artery
  • Renal vein
  • Ureter
  • Nerves
  • Lymphatics
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13
Q

3 layers of connective tissue surrounding the kidney

A
  • Renal fascia: anchors to other structures
  • Adipose capsule: protects/anchors
  • Renal capsule: continuous with ureter
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14
Q

Where nephrons are located

A

Renal pyramids

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15
Q

Number of nephrons in human body

A

~ 2 mil, 1 mil in each kidney

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16
Q

Percent of resting cardiac output kidneys receive

A

20%-25%

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17
Q

Glomerular capillaries

A

Knot/cluster of capillaries inside renal corpuscle

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18
Q

Main functions of nephron and kidney

A
  • Glomerular filtration
  • Tubular reabsorption
  • Tubular secretion
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19
Q

Counter current multiplication

A

Forms and maintains vertical water osmotic gradient

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20
Q

Effect of hormones on kidney function

A

Renin released, activates enzyme causing blood vessels to constrict, increase BP, releasing diff hormone/enzyme

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21
Q

Glomerular filtration rate (GFR)

A

Estimates how much blood passes through the glomeruli each minute/fluid going through kidneys?

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22
Q

How blood pressure and GFR are related

A

Increased blood volume and increased blood pressure will increase GFR

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23
Q

Function of macula densa

A

Maintenance of body fluid, electrolyte homeostasis, and blood pressure

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24
Q

Obligatory water reabsorption

A

Reabsorption of water in the early sections of the nephron regardless of the state of the body’s hydration

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25
Function of juxtaglomerular (JGA) in blood pressure control
Helps control blood pressure in kidneys in conjunction with ANS ; consists of macula densa and juxtaglomerular cells
26
Parts of nephron
- Renal corpuscle: filters blood - Renal tubule: filtrate is altered by absorption and secretion
27
Flow of fluid through a nephron
- Glomerular (Bowman's) capsule - Proximal convoluted tubule - Descending limb of the loop of Henle - Thin ascending limb of the loop of Henle - Thick ascending limb of loop of Henle - Distal convoluted tubule
28
Differences in two types of nephrons
Cortical nephrons - Have a glomerulus located nearer to the outer parts of the cortex - Loops of Henle are short Juxtamedullary nephrons - Have a glomerulus near the junction of the cortex and medulla - Loops of Henle penetrate deep into the medulla
29
Two parts of renal corpuscle
Glomerulus and glomerular (Bowman's) capsule
30
Podocytes
Wrap around capillaries
31
What glomerular filtration membrane consists of
- Glomerular endothelial cell layer with fenestrations - Basement membrane of the glomerulus - Slit membrane b/w podocytes
32
What can pass through the layers of glomerular filtration membranes
Water and ions
33
Can't pass through the layers of filtration membrane
Molecules, glucose
34
Two types of nephrons
Cortical and juxtamedullary
35
More common type of nephron
Cortical
36
Type of nephron that produces more concentrated urine
Juxtamedullary
37
Relationship between three processes involved in urine formation
Excretion of solute = Glomerular filtration + secretion - reabsorption
38
Structural differences in two types of nephrons
Juxtamedullary has thick and thin long nephron loop Cortical has short loops of Henle that extend into outer region of medulla
39
Juxtaglomerular apparatus (JGA)
Consists of macula densa and juxtaglomeruler cells, helps to control blood pressure in kidneys
40
Average number of liters of blood in body
5 L
41
Average amount of urine formed in a day
1.5 - 2 L
42
Number of liters of blood that can be filtered a day
180 L (filtering the same 5 L)
43
What body producing 1.5 - 2 L of urine a day indicates
Rest of fluid is being reabsorbed into blood
44
Glomerular filtration rate (GFR)
Amount of filtrate formed by both kidneys each minute
45
Problem that occurs if GFR is too high/low
Substances pass too quickly and are not reabsorbed Nearly all reabsorbed except some waste products
46
Two areas that fluid moving from one area to another depends on
Glomerular capillaries and surrounding capsule
47
3 pressures involved in process of glomerular filtration
1. Glomerular blood hydrostatic pressure (GBHP): forces fluid from glomerulus into capsule 2. Capsular hydrostatic pressure (CHP): forces fluid into glomerulus from capsule 3. Blood colloid osmotic pressure (BCOP): pulls fluid into the glomerulus from the capsule
48
How to calculate net filtration pressure (NFP)
NFP = GBHP - CHP - BCOP
49
Included in glomerular filtrate of renal filtration
Water, nitrogenous waste, nutrients
50
Effect that increase/decrease in blood pressure has on GFR
Directly correlated, increase = increase, decrease = decrease
51
Adjusting these 2 things will regulate GFR
Amount of blood flowing into the glomerulus, surface area of glomerulus
52
How adjustments that regulate GFR can be made
1. Renal autoregulation 2. Neural regulation 3. Hormonal regulation
53
Paracellular reabsorption vs. transcellular reabsorption
Passive fluid leakage b/w cells vs. Directly through tubular cells
54
Obligatory water reabsorption vs. facultative water reabsorption
Water follows solutes that are reabsorbed vs. Regulated by ADH
55
Where majority of reabsorption occurs in tubule
Proximal convoluted tube (PCT)
56
Substances reabsorbed in PCT
Water, ions, glucose, amino acids
57
Reabsorbed in descending/ascending limb of loop of Henle
Water, little obligatory water reabsorption
58
Part of tubule impermeable to water
ascending limb
59
Reabsorbed in early DCT
NaCl symporters reabsorb ions, PTH stimulates reabsorption of Ca
60
Reabsorbed in late DCT and collecting duct
Principle cells --> Na Aquaporin 2 --> Water Intercalated cells --> K, HCO3, H
61
Osmolarity of both blood and initial glomerular filtrate
300 mOsm/L * but as filtrate passes through nephron tubule, its osmolarity changes b/c conc. gradient in interstitial fluid in medulla
62
How osmolarity of filtrate changes
Incr. in descending limb of loop Decr. in ascending limb of loop Decr. more in collecting duct
63
Why osmolarity of filtrate changes
Water is reabsorbed from descending limb of loop, salt is reabsorbed from ascending limb of loop, but is relatively impermeable to water, so solutes leave the ascending limb, but water doesn't
64
How osmolarity of interstital fluid of medulla changes as you go deeper into medulla
Increases
65
How juxtamedullary nephrons affect surface area for water reabsorption
Provide much more, produces more concentrated urine
66
What regulation of osmolarity of body fluids depends on
- Formation of medullary osmotic gradient - Amount of ADH in collecting duct Allow for formation of concentrated urine
67
What production of medullary gradient depends on
- Differences in water and solute permeability and reabsorption in diff. limbs of the loop - Urea cycling in the medulla - Countercurrent exchange in vasa recta
68
Vasa recta and function
Long, hairpin shaped blood vessels that run parallel to loop of Henle * Maintain concentration gradient by adding/removing solute and water from medulla
69
Urea cycling
???
70
Importance of urea recycling
Greatly incr. medullary osmotic gradient values to final amounts
71
2 solutes that contribute the most to high osmolarity of the interstitial fluid of the medulla
Sodium chloride, medulla
72
Ureter function
Transport tubes that move urine from kidneys to urinary bladder
73
Bladder
Temporarily store urine until convenient to discharge from body
74
Urethra
Drainage tube that transports stored urine from body
75
Micturition
Urinating
76
Difference in urethra in men and women
Men: 5x longer, 3 segments, common duct for urinary and genital systems Women: One short tube, two different systems for urinary and genitals

A&P II (9 decks)

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