Chapter 19 Flashcards

1
Q

Reason blood is classified as connective tissue

A

Surrounded by liquid matrix (plasma)

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2
Q

White blood body weight percent

A

8%

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3
Q

Plasma in whole blood percentage

A

55%

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4
Q

Most abundant component of plasma and some other examples of components

A

Water, blood plasma, proteins, other solutes

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5
Q

Percent of whole blood made of RBC

A

45%

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6
Q

Most variable in structure of the 3 types of blood cells

A

Neutrophils

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7
Q

What blood transports

A

O2, CO2, nutrients, heat, hormones, waste products

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8
Q

How blood is involved in regulating homeostasis

A

Regulates all body fluids, pH, body temperature, and water contents of the cell

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9
Q

How blood protects us

A

Protects against excessive clotting and uses WBCs to protect against infections

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10
Q

Hemopoiesis

A

Process of producing blood cells (occurs mainly in red bone marrow after birth/throughout life)

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11
Q

Type of blood cells able to live for years

A

Lymphocytes

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12
Q

Type of blood cells that vary in number

A

WBC; varies depending on invading pathogens/other foreign antigens

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13
Q

Erythropoiesis

A

Production of RBC

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14
Q

Erythrocytes

A
  • RBC
  • No nucleus
  • Contain hemoglobin
  • Contains carbonic anhydrase
  • Lives ~120 days
  • Average number of RBC in healthy adults = 4.8-5.4 million/microliter
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15
Q

Hemoglobin

A
  • Aka respiratory pigment
  • Helps carry oxygen to body cells and carbon dioxide to lungs
  • Consists of 4 polypeptide chains each with affinity for picking up O2
  • Helps regulate blood flow/pressure b/c it releases nitric oxide (causes vasodilation)
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16
Q

Vasodilation

A
  • Caused by nitric oxide
  • Improves blood flow
  • Enhances O2 delivery
17
Q

Average number of RBC in healthy adults

A

4.8-5.4 million/microliter (to maintain this, new RBC enter circulation at rate of 2 million per second)

18
Q

Leukocyte

A
  • WBC
  • Contains nucleus and other organelles
  • May be granular or agranular
  • Some have ability to live months or years (memory cells)
  • Able to leave bloodstream and collect at site of invasion/injury
19
Q

Granular vs. agranular leukocytes

A
  • Contains granules (vesicles) in cytoplasm
  • Appear dark when stained
  • Neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils

vs.

  • Without granules
  • Lymphocytes, monocytes
20
Q

3 stages of emigration

A

Rolling, sticking, squeezing b/w endothelial cells

21
Q

Increase in WBC meaning vs. WBC count meaning

A

Indicates infection/inflammation

vs.

May result from variety of causes such as drug toxicity, exposure to radiation, vitamin deficiency, etc.

22
Q

Platelets

A
  • Produced by splitting megakaryocytes into 2000-3000 fragments
  • Contain many vesicles but no nucleus
  • Function in blood clotting
  • Short lived (5-9ish days)
23
Q

Hemostasis

A

Sequence of responses that stops bleeding

24
Q

Stages of hemostasis

A
  • Vascular spasm
    » Initial reaction when a blood vessel is damaged
    » Smooth muscle in vessel wall contracts immediately, slowing loss of blood
  • Platelet plug formation
    »Platelet adhesion: platelets stick to the damaged blood vessel wall
    »Platelet release reaction: platelets release various chemicals
    » Platelet aggregation: release of ADP makes the platelets sticky and they begin to adhere to each other (a bunch of them=platelet plug)
  • Blood clotting (coagulation)
    » Complex series of chemical reactions that result in production of fibrin (insoluble protein) which forms a thread-like network that traps blood cells in a clot
25
Antigen
Toxin or other foreign substance which induces an immune response in the body, esp the production of antibodies
26
Antibody
Blood protein produced in response to and counteracting a specific antigen
27
Universal donor/recipient
O-/AB+