Chapter 26 Environmental Microbiology Flashcards
study of practical uses of microbes
in food processing, industrial production, and biotechnology
Applied microbiology
presumptive,
confirmatory and completed tests
Most probable number (MPN)
Root nodules contain___, which can _____
A. Azotobacter, fix N2
B. Nitrosomonas, nitrify NH-3
C. Rhizobia, fix N2
D. acillus, denitrify-NO-3
C. Rhizobia, fix N2
What are the 2 horizontal zones of freshwater zones?
Littoral zone
Limnetic zone
rich moist layer
of soil containing plant
and animal debris being
decomposed by microbes
Humus
feed on a variety of food sources
Scavengers
microbial conversion of-
NO-3 back to
atmospheric N2
Denitrification
Water is the dominant compound on the earth; it occupies ___
of the earth’s surface
¾
What are the 3 vertical zones of freshwater zones?
Photic zone
profundal zone
benthic zone
buffer zone between warmest and coolest
layers; ordinarily prevents the mixing of the two within lakes
Thermocline
Marine environment Contains a zone, called an _____, where river meets the
sea; fluctuates in salinity, is very high in nutrients
estuary
addition of
excess of nutrients; naturally or
by effluents from sewage,
agriculture, or industry
Eutrophication
reduce CO2 and give off methane (CH4)
Methanogens
Ecological studies deal with which 2 factors
Biotic and Abiotic
feed on other living
organisms and obtain energy from bonds
present in the organic substrates they
contain
Consumers
Which zone is organic debris
and mud forming the basin
Benthic zone
Which of the following does not vary predictably with the depth of the aquatic environment?
1. dissolved oxygen
2. temperature
3. penetration by sunlight
4. salinity
- salinity
the biosphere contains a diversity of habitats
and niches favorable to life because living things made it that
way
Gaia theory
consumer that actively seeks out and ingests live
prey
Predator
one member gives off antagonistic substances
that inhibit or kill susceptible species sharing its habitat
Competition
The quantity of available nutrients ____ from the lower levels of the energy pyramid to the higher ones
1. increases
2. decreases
3. remains stable
4. cycles
- decreases
Which zone is the surface to lowest limit of sunlight
penetration
Photic zone
Convert NH+4 to NO-2 and NO-3
Nitrification
variety of photosynthetic algae and cyanobacteria
Phytoplankton
nonliving components are called
Abiotic factors
____ is a multilevel food chain, which represents the actual nutritional structure of a
community and helps identify feeding patterns
food web
The floating assemblage of microbes and animals that drifts on or near the surface of large bodies of water is the _______ community
- abyssal
- benthic
- littoral
- plankton
- plankton
a group of organisms of the same kind
Population
break down and absorb
the organic matter of dead organisms
(primarily microbes)
Decomposers
when a pollutant is accumulated by living
things through the natural trophic flow of the ecosystem
Bioaccumulation
Which zone is in shoreline, and
relatively shallow water
Littoral zone
one member benefits while the other
does not benefit nor is it harmed
Commensalism
Which zone is the edge of the
photic zone to lake sediment
Profundal zone
particular climatic regions Defined by large assemblages of organisms adapted to a distinct geography and climate characterized by dominant life forms, usually plants
Biomes
two usually independent organisms
cooperate to break down a nutrient neither one could have
metabolized alone
Synergism
Currents, brought on by temperature change, cause
upwelling of nutrient-rich benthic sediments and outbreaks of
abundant microbial growth referred to as
red tides
atmospheric N2 gas is converted to NH+4 salts
Nitrogen fixation –
zone of soil around plant roots
contains associated bacteria, fungi, and protozoa
*Rhizosphere
provide energy source that drives the trophic pyramid (Autotrophs,
photoautotrophs, chemoautotrophs)
Producers
nutrient-deficient
ecosystem
Oligotrophic
Nitrogen-fixing bacteria live free or in______
relationships with plants
symbiotic
Which elements have/has an inorganic reservior that exists primarily in sedimentary deposits?
- Nitrogen
- phosphorus
- sulfur
- both b and c
- both b and c
Surface water collects in subterranean pockets forming
groundwater source. What is the name for this?
aquifer
microbes in their natural habitats is called____
Microbial ecology
Which zone is open, deeper water
Limnetic zone
What are the 4 types of reaction within the nitrogen cycle?
Nitrogen fixation
Ammonification
Nitrification
Denitrification
symbiotic. relationship formed between fungi and certain
plant roots
Mycorrhizae –
microscopic consumers; filter feed, prey, or
scavenge
Zooplankton
What are the names of layers within thermal stratification in lakes
Epilimnion
Hypolimnion
Thermocline
bacteria decompose nitrogen-containing
organic compounds to ammonia
Ammonification
symbiosis between Rhizobia and legumes
accomplish nitrogen fixation (natural fertilizer factories)
Root nodules
one derives its nutrients and habitat from a host
that is usually harmed in the process
Parasitism
association of organisms that live together and exhibit well-defined nutritional or behavioral interrelationships
Communities
Which of the following is/are considered a greenhouse gas?
1. CO2
2. CH4
3. N2O
4. all of these
- all of these
any living or dead organisms that occupy an organism’s habitat are known as
Biotic factors
Which zone extends to a depth of 10,000 m and supports
communities with extreme adaptations including:
Halophilic, psychrophilic, barophilic, and anaerobic
Abyssal zone
collective interactions between organisms and the surrounding physical and chemical factors in a given location
Ecosystem
Sendimentary cycles consist of what 2 element cycles?
Sulfur cycle
Phosphorous cycle
Water is continuously cycled between hydrosphere,
atmosphere, and lithosphere. This cycle is called_____
hydrologic cycle
overall role that a species, or population, serves in a
community; nutritional intake, position in the community, and
rate of population growth
Niche
the physical location in the environment to which
an organism has adapted
Habitat
water resurfaces through ___,___, and ____
springs, geysers, and hot vents
Which of the following is NOT a major subdivision of biosphere?
1. hydrosphere
2. lithosphere
3. stratosphere
4. atmosphere
- stratosphere
associations beneficial to both members
Mutualism
An oligotrophic ecosystem would be most likely to exist in a
1. ocean
2. high mountain lake
3. tropical pond
4. polluted river
- high mountain lake
metabolic byproducts of one are useful
nutrients for another
Syntrophism
Which of the following bacteria would be the most accurate indicator of fecal contamination?
1. Enterobacter aerogenes
2. Thiobacillus acidophilus
3. Escherichia coli
4. Staphylococcus aureus
- Escherichia coli
A ____ is defined as a collection of populations sharing a given habitat.
1. biosphere
2. community
3. biome
4. ecosystem
- community
originates from rocks, oceans, and lakes
Sulfur
Biosphere which is all physical locations on Earth that support life Can be divided as into what three categories?
Hydrosphere (water)
Lithosphere(soil)
Atmosphere (air)
after filtration, filter is placed
on selective and differential media, incubated, colonies are
presumptively identified and counted. What method is this?
Membrane filter method
feeding levels and trace of flow and quantity of
available energy from one level to another
Food chain or energy pyramid
