Chapter 17/procedures for identifying pathogens and diagnosing infections Flashcards
antigens or antibodies
labeled with radioactive isotopes
Radioimmunoassay (RIA)
Monoclonal antibody labeled by a
fluorescent dye is called a
Fluorescent antibody
Used to study phylogeny and taxonomy of samples from complex microbiomes or environments difficult to study
Ribosomal RNA sequencing
Used to detect HIV, Lyme disease, human papillomavirus,
tuberculosis, hepatitis
PCR
Which of the following methods is most sensitive for identifying different strains of a microbe?
* Microscopic examination
* hemolyisis on blood agar
* DNA analysis
* agglutination test
- DNA analysis
comparing
a positive (left) versus
negative (right) reaction.
An______ ______ detects
the presence of a specific
antibody.
Indirect ELISA
Direct immunofluorescent tests use a labeled antibody to identify
* An unknown microbe
* An unknown antibody
* Fixed complement
* Agglutinated antigens
- An unknown microbe
-Assess genetic make-up
-Culture is not necessary
-Precise, automated methods, quick results.
These are all apart of what technique?
Genotypic (or genetic) technique
In aggultination reactions, the antigen is a ______; in precipitation reactions, it is a________
- soluble molecule, whole cell
- whole cell, soluble molecule
- bacterium, virus
- protein, carbohydrate
- whole cell, soluble molecule
Antibody cross links whole-cell
antigens, forming complexes that settle out and form visible insoluble clumps
Agglutination Tests
Blood typing, some bacterial and viral diseases
Important to determine
treatment drugs. Also used to identify species
Streptococcus, Pseudomonas, and Clostridium
Antimicrobial sensitivity
What are the 5 techniques used to diagnose a viral infection?
-Observation of symptoms
* Direct microscopic examination
* Cultivation
* Serological analysis
* Genetic analysis
A patient with a ________ titer of antibodies to an infectious agent generally has greater protection than a patient with a ________titer
* high, low
* low, high
* negative, positive
* old, new
- high, low
A DNA-based technique often bought in to analyze outbreaks or epidemics is
Pulsed -field gel electrophoresis (PFGE)
A test serum is incubated with the microbe that produces the toxin. If the serum inhibits the growth of the microbe, one can conclude that the antitoxins to inactivate the toxin are present. This is called
Toxin neutralization
Identifying colony appearance by
texture, size, shape, pigment, growth requirements is called______
Macroscopic morphology
Identifying bacteria on the level of genus and species fall within 3 categories. What are they?
Phenotypic, immunologic, and genotypic
What are the 2 types of ELISA methods
Indirect ELISA and
antibody sandwich ELISA method
The Western blot test can be used to identify
* unknown antibodies
* unknown antigens
* specific DNA
* both a and b
- both a and b
In agglutination reactions, the antigen is a __; in precipitation reactions, it is a ___.
A. Soluble molecule, whole cell
B. Whole Cell, soluble molecule
C. Bacterium, virus
D. Protein, carbohydrate
B. Whole Cell, soluble molecule
Which of the following specimens must be removed using sterile techniques.
* feces
* urine
* upper respiratory tract
* blood
- blood
A type of vivo test which uses a small amount of purified protein derivative (PPD) injected into the skin
Tuberculin test
An unknown test specimen or antigen is
fixed to a slide and exposed to a fluorescent antibody solution of known composition. What kind of testing is this?
Direct testing
Lysin-mediated hemolysis is the basis of a type of test called
Complement fixation or CF
automated identification
- uses microorganisms unique combination proteins and nucleic acids
MALDI-TOF
Matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization-time of flight
One of the most powerful techniques for microbial identification is
Whole -genome sequencing (WGS)
What method invloves identifying fresh or stained microorganisms from a specimen by shape, size, stain reaction, cell structures?
Microscopic morphology
Concentration of antibodies in a serum is called a
titer
Used to diagnose syphilis, gonorrhea, chlamydiosis, whooping cough, Legionnaires’ disease, plague, trichomoniasis, meningitis, and listeriosis.
-Identifies antigens on the surfaces of cells or in tissues
Direct testing
An example of an in vivo serological test is
* indirect immunofluorescence
* radioimmunoassay
* a tuberculin test
* complement fixation
- a tuberculin test
detection of presence or absence of particular enzymes
or metabolic pathways is a way of identifying a microbe by ….
Physiological/biochemical
The Western blot test can be used to identify
A. Unknown antibodies
B. Unknown antigens
C. Specific DNA
D. Both A and B
D. Both A and B
When a test can detect even very small amounts of antibodies or antigens that are the the targets of the test.
Sensitivity
Comparing of a
positive (left) versus
negative (right) reaction.
This type of ELISA
detects the presence of a
specific antigen.
Indirect ELISA and antibody (Capture) sandwich ELISA method.
enzyme-antibody complex produces a colored product when an enzyme-substrate reaction occurs. This is called a ____ _____ ______ assay.
Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) –
A branch of immunology that traditionally deals with in vitro diagnostic testing of serum
Serology
Property of a test to focus upon only a certain antibody or antigen and not to react with unrelated or distantly related ones.
Specificity
Which reaction requires complement?
* hemagglutination
* precipitation
* hemolysis
* toxin neutralization
- hemolysis
What are the two categories of results when collecting specimen?
Presumptive data and confirmatory data
Physiological reactions to nutrients
and other substrates as indirect evidence of the absence or presence of enzyme is called
Biochemical testing
Treponema pallidum immobilization (TPI) test is used to diagnose _____
syphilis
Stains most often employed for bacteria are the ___ ____ and the ____ - ____ ____.
Gram stain and acid- fast stain
antibody that requires the actions of complement to
complete the lysis of its antigenic target cell
Lysin or cytolysis
fluorescent antibodies are made to
react with the Fc region of another antibody.
this type of testing in frequently used to diagnose syphilis and various viral infections. What type of testing is this?
Indirect testing
analysis of blood (serology) and other fluids; antibody-antigen reactions.
Immunologic
Enrichment, selective or differential
media is called
Isolation Media
soluble antigen is made
insoluble by an antibody
Precipitation tests
What are the phenotypic methods?
Microscopic morphology, Macroscopic morphology, and physiological/biochemical characteristics
