Chapter 25: Metabolism and Nutrition Flashcards
Carbohydrates absorbed as…
monosaccharides
Glycolysis is…
anaerobic (one glucose yields 2 ATP) in cytosol
Aerobic cellular respiration (oxidation of glucose) yields…
36 or 38 ATP
glycogenesis stimulated by…
Insulin
glycogenolysis stimulated by…
Glucagon (pancreas) Epinephrine (adrenal medulla)
gluconeogenesis stimulated by…:
Cortisol, hGH, Glucagon, T3/T4
Fates of lipids (4 of them)
Oxidation
Storage in adipose tissue
Synthesis
Gluconeogenesis
Lipoproteins (4 types)
Chylomicrons: triglycerides from GI tract -> adipose cells
VLDL: triglycerides from liver -> adipose cells
LDL: cholesterol -> all body cells
HDL: cholesterol from tissues to liver for elimination (“good cholesterol”)
Catabolism of lipids is…:
lipolysis, enhanced by sympathetic stimulation, inhibited by insulin
Triglycerides broken down into…
glycerol + fatty acids (enter Krebs cycle to produce ketone bodies, which are converted to ATP)
Proteins are absorbed as amino acids how many are essential…
20 amino acids are found in human body; 10 of which are essential amino acids
Anabolism of proteins: protein synthesis stimulated by
insulin, T4, hGH, estrogen and testosterone
Metabolic Adaptations (States)
Absorptive state (stimulated by insulin)
Post-absorptive state (stimulated by glucagon)
Fat-soluble vitamins stored in liver
A skin, photopigments
D bones, teeth (absorption of calcium and phosphorus)
E cell membrane synthesis
K synthesis of blood clotting factors
Water-soluble vitamins not stored in body
B1 (thiamine) – carbohydrate metabolism, acetylcholine synthesis
B12 – blood cell formation, acetylcholine synthesis
Folic acid – blood cell formation, embryonic development
C (ascorbic acid) – connective tissue formation, wound healing
