Chapter 25 - Endocrine

Question 1

most common endocrine disorder/disease

Answer 1

diabetes mellitus

Question 2

most common neoplasm of endocrine system

Answer 2

thyroid cancer

Question 3

what structures control both lobes of pituitary gland?

Answer 3

hypothalamus

Question 4

pituitary anterior lobe hormones (2) AKA: tropic hormones

Answer 4

-growth hormone
-prolactin

Question 5

pituitary posterior lobe hormone

Answer 5

-oxytocin

Question 6

what are the most common tumors affecting pituitary glands

Answer 6

adenomas of the anterior pituitary

Question 7

most adenomas are functioning tumors meaning

Answer 7

they produce hormones; in excess, but only ONE

Question 8

mass effect of tumor

Answer 8

-pressure on nearby structures
-intracranial pressure

Question 9

stalk effect of tumor

Answer 9

-tumor blocks delivery of dopamine to anterior pituitary; leads to galactorrhea

Question 10

types of growth hormone overproduction (2)

Answer 10

-gigantism
-acromegaly

Question 11

gigantism

Answer 11

before puberty and epiphyseal plates close; extremely tall

Question 12

acromegaly

Answer 12

after puberty and epiphyseal plates have closed; thick bones and connective tissues

Question 13

clinical manifestations of acromegaly (3)

Answer 13

-connective tissue proliferation: enlarge tongue, edema, coarse skin and body hair
-metabolic: abnormal glucose tolerance, hyperglycemia, hypertension, etc.
-bony proliferation: large joints, enlargement of facial bones, skull, hands and feet; protusion of lower jaw and forehead

Question 14

panhypopituitarism definition

Answer 14

decrease in all hormones secreted by pituitary gland

Question 15

cause of panhypopituitarism

Answer 15

destruction of anterior pituitary gland

Question 16

what does panhypopituitarism cause

Answer 16

-atrophy of thyroid, adrenal cortex, and gonads

Question 17

causes of panhypopituitarism

Answer 17

-large neoplasms of pituitary
-postpartum pituitary necrosis
-surgical removal of pituitary

Question 18

can panhypopituitarism be lethal?

Answer 18

yes, if not treated

Question 19

what is diabetes insipidus?

Answer 19

insufficiency of ADH (hormone that retains water); partial or total inability to concentrate the urine

Question 20

cause of diabetes insipidus?

Answer 20

destruction of posterior pituitary and/or hypothalamus from
-tumors
-surgery
-hemorrhage

Question 21

symptoms of diabetes insipidus (2)

Answer 21

-polyuria
-polydipsia

Question 22

thyroid gland hormones

Answer 22

T3 and T4; T4 inactive until converted into T3 in the tissues

Question 23

what is the main function of the thyroid gland?

Answer 23

maintain basal metabolic rate (BMR)

Question 24

what structures control the thyroid gland?

Answer 24

anterior pituitary/hypothalamus

Question 25

what is the thyroid gland dependent on?

Answer 25

iodine

Question 26

hypothyroidism

Answer 26

not enough thyroid hormones

Question 27

causes of hypothyroidism

Answer 27

-destruction/atrophy of thyroid gland -deficient production of thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) by pituitary -iodine deficiency -autoimmune disease = Hashimoto thyroiditis

Question 28

symptoms of hypothyroidism

Answer 28

-weight gain -cold body temperature -slow reflexes

Question 29

how to diagnose hypothyroidism

Answer 29

-blood work to test for TSH

Question 30

will there be increased or decreased TSH with hypothyroidism?

Answer 30

increased; taking away negative feedback

Question 31

acquired hypothyroidism

Answer 31

-lack of iodine in diet --> T3 and T4 not made (lack negative feedback to hypothalamus) --> TRH and TSH continue to be made --> thyroid enlarges in response to TSH = NON-TOXIC GOITER (goes away with supplemental iodine)

Question 32

what is hyperthyroidism?

Answer 32

autoimmune disease where an antibody mimics TSH producing it in excess

Question 33

what is the most common cause of hyperthyroidism?

Answer 33

Grave's Disease

Question 34

is hyperthyroidism more common in men or women?

Answer 34

women

Question 35

symptoms of hyperthyroidism

Answer 35

-weight loss (increased BMR) -warm body temp -hyperreflexes

Question 36

manifestations of hyperthyroidism

Answer 36

-increased HR and palpitations -weight loss despite increased appetite -heat intolerance -tremor -hyperactivity -diarrhea -insomnia -exophthalmos (bug eyes)

Question 37

diagnosis of hyperthyroidism

Answer 37

-blood test for TSH

Question 38

would TSH levels be increased or decreased with hyperthyroidism

Answer 38

decreased

Question 39

treatment for hyperthyroidism

Answer 39

-drugs to suppress thyroid function -reduce thyroid tissue by surgical removal or administration of radioactive iodine

Question 40

what is diabetes mellitus

Answer 40

group of disorders characterized by hyperglycemia

Question 41

normal range of blood glucose levels

Answer 41

70-100 mg/dl

Question 42

high blood glucose

Answer 42

>125 mg/dl

Question 43

pre-diabetes range of blood glucose

Answer 43

100-125 mg/dl

Question 44

Type 1 diabetes

Answer 44

pancreatic beta cell destruction by an autoimmune process

Question 45

type 2 diabetes

Answer 45

beta cell dysfunction and insulin resistance

Question 46

diagnose diabetes

Answer 46

one of the three: -classic symptoms and random blood glucose >200 mg/dl -fasting blood glucose of >125 -blood glucose >200 mg/dl after OGTT (oral glucose tolerance test)

Question 47

classic symptoms of diabetes (3)

Answer 47

-polyuria -polydipsia -weight loss -change in appetite

Question 48

is type 1 diabetes more common in young or older people

Answer 48

young

Question 49

type 1 diabetes is x dependent

Answer 49

insulin

Question 50

type 2 diabetes more common in young or old people?

Answer 50

old; age-associated

Question 51

is type 2 insulin dependent?

Answer 51

no

Question 52

main risk factor for type 2 diabetes

Answer 52

obesity around mid-section

Question 53

what causes type 1 diabetes

Answer 53

autoimmune disease; destruction of beta cells

Question 54

what gene is associated with type 1 diabetes because of genetic susceptibility?

Answer 54

HLA

Question 55

cause of type 2 diabetes

Answer 55

mainly environmental interactions, but can be genetic (not HLA gene)

Question 56

pre-diabetes

Answer 56

number of insulin-producing beta cells is starting to decline

Question 57

cause of gestational diabetes

Answer 57

high level of placental hormones cause the pregnant woman to be less responsive to insulin

Question 58

how do you manage gestational diabetes?

Answer 58

diet and supplement with insulin if necessary

Question 59

gestational diabetes can lead to what type of not treated

Answer 59

Type 2

Question 60

acute effects of diabetes

Answer 60

-polyuria -polydipsia -polyphagia -urinary water loss -ketoacidosis

Question 61

what is diabetic ketoacidosis

Answer 61

elevation of ketones; more common in Type 1; life threatening

Question 62

characterizations of ketoacidosis

Answer 62

-hyperventilation -glycosuria (glucose in urine) -acidosis (low pH) -vomiting/nausea -ketonuria (ketones in urine) -osmotic diuresis -volume depletion

Question 63

acute complications of diabetes

Answer 63

-diabetic ketoacidosis -hypoglycemia (below 50 mg/dl)

Question 64

treat someome that is going through ketoacidosis?

Answer 64

give insulin

Question 65

treat someone that is hypoglycemic?

Answer 65

no insulin; give sugar tablets

Question 66

complication of hyperglycemia

Answer 66

glycosylation - glucose binds to proteins

Question 67

effects of glycosylation

Answer 67

-inflammation -thrombosis -damage endothelial cells -promote vascular disease

Question 68

glycosylation is mainly caused by

Answer 68

hyperglycemia

Question 69

long term effects of diabetes

Answer 69

-atherosclerosis -kidney disease -retina -peripheral nerve disease -infections

Question 70

treatment of type 1 diabetes

Answer 70

insulin replacement

Question 71

treatment for type 2 diabetes

Answer 71

-meds to increase insulin secretion or decrease hyperglycemia -limit CHO -exercise -insulin