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Understanding Human Disease > Chapter 25 - Endocrine > Flashcards

Chapter 25 - Endocrine Flashcards

1
Q

most common endocrine disorder/disease

A

diabetes mellitus

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2
Q

most common neoplasm of endocrine system

A

thyroid cancer

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3
Q

what structures control both lobes of pituitary gland?

A

hypothalamus

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4
Q

pituitary anterior lobe hormones (2) AKA: tropic hormones

A

-growth hormone
-prolactin

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5
Q

pituitary posterior lobe hormone

A

-oxytocin

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6
Q

what are the most common tumors affecting pituitary glands

A

adenomas of the anterior pituitary

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7
Q

most adenomas are functioning tumors meaning

A

they produce hormones; in excess, but only ONE

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8
Q

mass effect of tumor

A

-pressure on nearby structures
-intracranial pressure

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9
Q

stalk effect of tumor

A

-tumor blocks delivery of dopamine to anterior pituitary; leads to galactorrhea

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10
Q

types of growth hormone overproduction (2)

A

-gigantism
-acromegaly

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11
Q

gigantism

A

before puberty and epiphyseal plates close; extremely tall

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12
Q

acromegaly

A

after puberty and epiphyseal plates have closed; thick bones and connective tissues

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13
Q

clinical manifestations of acromegaly (3)

A

-connective tissue proliferation: enlarge tongue, edema, coarse skin and body hair
-metabolic: abnormal glucose tolerance, hyperglycemia, hypertension, etc.
-bony proliferation: large joints, enlargement of facial bones, skull, hands and feet; protusion of lower jaw and forehead

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14
Q

panhypopituitarism definition

A

decrease in all hormones secreted by pituitary gland

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15
Q

cause of panhypopituitarism

A

destruction of anterior pituitary gland

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16
Q

what does panhypopituitarism cause

A

-atrophy of thyroid, adrenal cortex, and gonads

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17
Q

causes of panhypopituitarism

A

-large neoplasms of pituitary
-postpartum pituitary necrosis
-surgical removal of pituitary

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18
Q

can panhypopituitarism be lethal?

A

yes, if not treated

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19
Q

what is diabetes insipidus?

A

insufficiency of ADH (hormone that retains water); partial or total inability to concentrate the urine

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20
Q

cause of diabetes insipidus?

A

destruction of posterior pituitary and/or hypothalamus from
-tumors
-surgery
-hemorrhage

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21
Q

symptoms of diabetes insipidus (2)

A

-polyuria
-polydipsia

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22
Q

thyroid gland hormones

A

T3 and T4; T4 inactive until converted into T3 in the tissues

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23
Q

what is the main function of the thyroid gland?

A

maintain basal metabolic rate (BMR)

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24
Q

what structures control the thyroid gland?

A

anterior pituitary/hypothalamus

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25
Q

what is the thyroid gland dependent on?

A

iodine

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26
Q

hypothyroidism

A

not enough thyroid hormones

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27
Q

causes of hypothyroidism

A

-destruction/atrophy of thyroid gland
-deficient production of thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) by pituitary
-iodine deficiency
-autoimmune disease = Hashimoto thyroiditis

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28
Q

symptoms of hypothyroidism

A

-weight gain
-cold body temperature
-slow reflexes

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29
Q

how to diagnose hypothyroidism

A

-blood work to test for TSH

30
Q

will there be increased or decreased TSH with hypothyroidism?

A

increased; taking away negative feedback

31
Q

acquired hypothyroidism

A

-lack of iodine in diet –> T3 and T4 not made (lack negative feedback to hypothalamus) –> TRH and TSH continue to be made –> thyroid enlarges in response to TSH = NON-TOXIC GOITER (goes away with supplemental iodine)

32
Q

what is hyperthyroidism?

A

autoimmune disease where an antibody mimics TSH producing it in excess

33
Q

what is the most common cause of hyperthyroidism?

A

Grave’s Disease

34
Q

is hyperthyroidism more common in men or women?

A

women

35
Q

symptoms of hyperthyroidism

A

-weight loss (increased BMR)
-warm body temp
-hyperreflexes

36
Q

manifestations of hyperthyroidism

A

-increased HR and palpitations
-weight loss despite increased appetite
-heat intolerance
-tremor
-hyperactivity
-diarrhea
-insomnia
-exophthalmos (bug eyes)

37
Q

diagnosis of hyperthyroidism

A

-blood test for TSH

38
Q

would TSH levels be increased or decreased with hyperthyroidism

A

decreased

39
Q

treatment for hyperthyroidism

A

-drugs to suppress thyroid function
-reduce thyroid tissue by surgical removal or administration of radioactive iodine

40
Q

what is diabetes mellitus

A

group of disorders characterized by hyperglycemia

41
Q

normal range of blood glucose levels

A

70-100 mg/dl

42
Q

high blood glucose

A

> 125 mg/dl

43
Q

pre-diabetes range of blood glucose

A

100-125 mg/dl

44
Q

Type 1 diabetes

A

pancreatic beta cell destruction by an autoimmune process

45
Q

type 2 diabetes

A

beta cell dysfunction and insulin resistance

46
Q

diagnose diabetes

A

one of the three:
-classic symptoms and random blood glucose >200 mg/dl
-fasting blood glucose of >125
-blood glucose >200 mg/dl after OGTT (oral glucose tolerance test)

47
Q

classic symptoms of diabetes (3)

A

-polyuria
-polydipsia
-weight loss
-change in appetite

48
Q

is type 1 diabetes more common in young or older people

A

young

49
Q

type 1 diabetes is x dependent

A

insulin

50
Q

type 2 diabetes more common in young or old people?

A

old; age-associated

51
Q

is type 2 insulin dependent?

A

no

52
Q

main risk factor for type 2 diabetes

A

obesity around mid-section

53
Q

what causes type 1 diabetes

A

autoimmune disease; destruction of beta cells

54
Q

what gene is associated with type 1 diabetes because of genetic susceptibility?

A

HLA

55
Q

cause of type 2 diabetes

A

mainly environmental interactions, but can be genetic (not HLA gene)

56
Q

pre-diabetes

A

number of insulin-producing beta cells is starting to decline

57
Q

cause of gestational diabetes

A

high level of placental hormones cause the pregnant woman to be less responsive to insulin

58
Q

how do you manage gestational diabetes?

A

diet and supplement with insulin if necessary

59
Q

gestational diabetes can lead to what type of not treated

A

Type 2

60
Q

acute effects of diabetes

A

-polyuria
-polydipsia
-polyphagia
-urinary water loss
-ketoacidosis

61
Q

what is diabetic ketoacidosis

A

elevation of ketones; more common in Type 1; life threatening

62
Q

characterizations of ketoacidosis

A

-hyperventilation
-glycosuria (glucose in urine)
-acidosis (low pH)
-vomiting/nausea
-ketonuria (ketones in urine)
-osmotic diuresis
-volume depletion

63
Q

acute complications of diabetes

A

-diabetic ketoacidosis
-hypoglycemia (below 50 mg/dl)

64
Q

treat someome that is going through ketoacidosis?

A

give insulin

65
Q

treat someone that is hypoglycemic?

A

no insulin; give sugar tablets

66
Q

complication of hyperglycemia

A

glycosylation - glucose binds to proteins

67
Q

effects of glycosylation

A

-inflammation
-thrombosis
-damage endothelial cells
-promote vascular disease

68
Q

glycosylation is mainly caused by

A

hyperglycemia

69
Q

long term effects of diabetes

A

-atherosclerosis
-kidney disease
-retina
-peripheral nerve disease
-infections

70
Q

treatment of type 1 diabetes

A

insulin replacement

71
Q

treatment for type 2 diabetes

A

-meds to increase insulin secretion or decrease hyperglycemia
-limit CHO
-exercise
-insulin

Understanding Human Disease (10 decks)

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