Chapter 15 - Kidneys Flashcards
Pyelonephritis
inflammation of nephron; AKA kidney infection
uremia
urine in the blood
glomerulonephritis
inflammation of glomerulus from bacterial infection
glomerulosclerosis
hardening of renal blood vessels
BUN
blood urea nitrogen; waste product that kidneys filter from blood)u
Urolithiasis
formation of kidney stones (renal calculi)
Renal calculi
kidney stones
Vesicoureteral reflux
urine flows backward into ureters
shock lithotripsy
treatment for kidney stones; break them intro fragments that can be excreted
cystoscopy
endoscopy of bladder and ureter; remove stones; collect biopsies, etc.
interstitial nephritis
inflamed spaces between tubules
hematuria
blood in the urine
polyuria
increased frequency and volume of urine
nocturia
increased urination at night
oliguria
decreased urinary output
anuria
absence of urine
dysuria
painful urination
what is the definition of glomerulonephritis ?
inflammation of the glomerulus
etiology of glomerulonephritis
it follows after a bacterial infection. antigens and antibodies deposit on the glomerulus and cause inflammation
clinical manifestations of glomerulonephritis in children
edema
nausea, malaise, fever
oliguria
hypertension
elevation of BUN
hematuria, proteinuria
what factors are in normal urine
bile pigments
no protein
no glucose
no ketones
odorless
pH of 6 (slightly acidic)
not cloudy
glomerulosclerosis definition
thickening/scarring of renal blood vessels as a result of hypertension and/or diabetes
etiology of glomerulosclerosis
lumen narrows, decreasing blood flow; decreased filtration ability; shrinking kidneys
what can glomerulosclerosis lead to?
chronic renal failure
Renal agenesis
failure of one or both kidneys to develop –
bilateral: neither develop
unilateral: one develops
malposition: fuse together (horseshoe)
Renal hypoplasia
less cell division in kidneys and it does not fully develop during embryonic period
Renal dysplasia
kidney is abnormally formed because of disorganized/malformed tissue – kidneys develop into cysts; severe - won’t survive
Hereditary Polycystic Kidney Disease
kidney has many cysts and they replace normal kidney function; requires transplant
autosomal recessive PCKD
ALWAYS HAS LIVER INVOLVEMENT
-mostly in children
-rare
autosomal dominant PCKD
-mostly in adults
-common
-reduced life expectancy from hypertension and chronic renal failure
acute tubular necrosis definition
damage/death to tubule tissue
pathogenesis of acute tubular necrosis
-bad renal blood flow from shock and/or DIC
-toxic drugs or chemicals like anti-fungal medications and antibiotics
clinical manifestations of acute tubular necrosis
-acute renal failure; oliguria and/or anuria
survival rate of acute tubular necrosis into acute renal failure
50%
how to treat tubular necrosis
dialysis
what are kidney stones made of?
calcium, uric acid
risk factors for kidney stones
dehydration
gout (increased uric acid)
urinary tract obstructions
symptoms of kidney stones
hematuria (blood in urine)
flank pain
complications of vesicoureteral reflux
UTI
pyelonephritis (kidney infection)
bladder cancer main risk factor
smoking
kidney cancer in children
Nephroblastoma (wilms tumor)
kidney cancer in adults
renal cell carcinoma
risk factors for renal cell carcinoma
smoking
age
male
chronic kidney disease
clinical manifestations of renal failure
-uremia (urine in blood)
-renal filtering function decreases
causes of renal failure
-diabetes
-hypertension
what type of dialysis is most common today?
extracorpeal
UTI definition
bacterial infection of urethra and urinary tract
are UTIs more common in men or women?
women
Symptoms of UTI
dysuria
polyuria
urgency to urinate, but can’t
fever
malaise
Risk factors for UTIs
female
sexual activity and not peeing after
diabetes
vesicoureteral reflux
catheterization
nephrotic syndrome
massive proteinuria = low albumin = EDEMA
nephritic syndrome
Inflammation of barrier induced by injury
leads to HEMATURIA
What is the most common cause of renal failure in the US
diabetic nephropathy
