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Understanding Human Disease > Chapter 15 - Kidneys > Flashcards

Chapter 15 - Kidneys Flashcards

1
Q

Pyelonephritis

A

inflammation of nephron; AKA kidney infection

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2
Q

uremia

A

urine in the blood

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3
Q

glomerulonephritis

A

inflammation of glomerulus from bacterial infection

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4
Q

glomerulosclerosis

A

hardening of renal blood vessels

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5
Q

BUN

A

blood urea nitrogen; waste product that kidneys filter from blood)u

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6
Q

Urolithiasis

A

formation of kidney stones (renal calculi)

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7
Q

Renal calculi

A

kidney stones

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8
Q

Vesicoureteral reflux

A

urine flows backward into ureters

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9
Q

shock lithotripsy

A

treatment for kidney stones; break them intro fragments that can be excreted

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10
Q

cystoscopy

A

endoscopy of bladder and ureter; remove stones; collect biopsies, etc.

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11
Q

interstitial nephritis

A

inflamed spaces between tubules

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12
Q

hematuria

A

blood in the urine

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13
Q

polyuria

A

increased frequency and volume of urine

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14
Q

nocturia

A

increased urination at night

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15
Q

oliguria

A

decreased urinary output

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16
Q

anuria

A

absence of urine

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17
Q

dysuria

A

painful urination

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18
Q

what is the definition of glomerulonephritis ?

A

inflammation of the glomerulus

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19
Q

etiology of glomerulonephritis

A

it follows after a bacterial infection. antigens and antibodies deposit on the glomerulus and cause inflammation

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20
Q

clinical manifestations of glomerulonephritis in children

A

edema
nausea, malaise, fever
oliguria
hypertension
elevation of BUN
hematuria, proteinuria

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21
Q

what factors are in normal urine

A

bile pigments
no protein
no glucose
no ketones
odorless
pH of 6 (slightly acidic)
not cloudy

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22
Q

glomerulosclerosis definition

A

thickening/scarring of renal blood vessels as a result of hypertension and/or diabetes

23
Q

etiology of glomerulosclerosis

A

lumen narrows, decreasing blood flow; decreased filtration ability; shrinking kidneys

24
Q

what can glomerulosclerosis lead to?

A

chronic renal failure

25
Q

Renal agenesis

A

failure of one or both kidneys to develop –
bilateral: neither develop
unilateral: one develops
malposition: fuse together (horseshoe)

26
Q

Renal hypoplasia

A

less cell division in kidneys and it does not fully develop during embryonic period

27
Q

Renal dysplasia

A

kidney is abnormally formed because of disorganized/malformed tissue – kidneys develop into cysts; severe - won’t survive

28
Q

Hereditary Polycystic Kidney Disease

A

kidney has many cysts and they replace normal kidney function; requires transplant

29
Q

autosomal recessive PCKD

A

ALWAYS HAS LIVER INVOLVEMENT
-mostly in children
-rare

30
Q

autosomal dominant PCKD

A

-mostly in adults
-common
-reduced life expectancy from hypertension and chronic renal failure

31
Q

acute tubular necrosis definition

A

damage/death to tubule tissue

32
Q

pathogenesis of acute tubular necrosis

A

-bad renal blood flow from shock and/or DIC
-toxic drugs or chemicals like anti-fungal medications and antibiotics

33
Q

clinical manifestations of acute tubular necrosis

A

-acute renal failure; oliguria and/or anuria

34
Q

survival rate of acute tubular necrosis into acute renal failure

A

50%

35
Q

how to treat tubular necrosis

A

dialysis

36
Q

what are kidney stones made of?

A

calcium, uric acid

37
Q

risk factors for kidney stones

A

dehydration
gout (increased uric acid)
urinary tract obstructions

38
Q

symptoms of kidney stones

A

hematuria (blood in urine)
flank pain

39
Q

complications of vesicoureteral reflux

A

UTI
pyelonephritis (kidney infection)

40
Q

bladder cancer main risk factor

A

smoking

41
Q

kidney cancer in children

A

Nephroblastoma (wilms tumor)

42
Q

kidney cancer in adults

A

renal cell carcinoma

43
Q

risk factors for renal cell carcinoma

A

smoking
age
male
chronic kidney disease

44
Q

clinical manifestations of renal failure

A

-uremia (urine in blood)
-renal filtering function decreases

45
Q

causes of renal failure

A

-diabetes
-hypertension

46
Q

what type of dialysis is most common today?

A

extracorpeal

47
Q

UTI definition

A

bacterial infection of urethra and urinary tract

48
Q

are UTIs more common in men or women?

A

women

49
Q

Symptoms of UTI

A

dysuria
polyuria
urgency to urinate, but can’t
fever
malaise

50
Q

Risk factors for UTIs

A

female
sexual activity and not peeing after
diabetes
vesicoureteral reflux
catheterization

51
Q

nephrotic syndrome

A

massive proteinuria = low albumin = EDEMA

52
Q

nephritic syndrome

A

Inflammation of barrier induced by injury
leads to HEMATURIA

53
Q

What is the most common cause of renal failure in the US

A

diabetic nephropathy

Understanding Human Disease (10 decks)

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