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Understanding Human Disease > Chapter 22 - Skeletal Muscle > Flashcards

Chapter 22 - Skeletal Muscle Flashcards

1
Q

two types of skeletal muscle fibers

A

I: slow-twitch (endurance)
II: fast-twitch (power)

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2
Q

myotrauma

A

injury to muscle or tendon (strain) –stretching or tearing

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3
Q

symptoms of muscle strain

A

pain
redness or bruising
limited mobility
muscle weakness

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4
Q

how do skeletal muscles repair themselves?

A

satellite cells

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5
Q

how long does it usually take for muscle strains to heal?

A

8-10 weeks

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6
Q

myalgia

A

muscle pain

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7
Q

muscle tests

A

-biopsy
-electromyography (action potential)
-lab tests (creatine kinase) *increased levels indicate muscle disorder

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8
Q

myopathic vs. neurogenic

A

myopathic: muscle is affected
neuropathic: motor neuron affected

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9
Q

myopathy

A

muscle fibers don’t function for any one of many reasons – results in muscle weakness

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10
Q

acquired myopathy :

A

muscle weakness from:
infections
inflammation
endocrine/metabolic
alcohol

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11
Q

hereditary/genetic myopathy:

A

muscle weakness from:
mutations in genes coding for parts of a muscle

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12
Q

inflammatory myopathy

A

muscle weakness from inflammation from another disease

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13
Q

muscular dystrophies

A

group of disorders that cause degeneration of skeletal muscle fibers

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14
Q

is muscular dystrophy myopathic or neuropathic

A

myopathic

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15
Q

what are skeletal muscle fibers replaced by in muscular dystrophy disorders?

A

fat and fibrous tissue

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16
Q

where do muscular dystrophies typically occur?

A

extremities, shoulders, and heart – can lead to paralysis

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17
Q

most common type of muscular dystrophy

A

Duchenne (X-linked, recessive)

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18
Q

is duchenne muscular dystrophy more common in men or women?

A

men

19
Q

a mutation in a gene that encodes ____ is the cause for duchenne MD

A

dystrophin

20
Q

when do manifestations of duchenne MD begin?

A

3 years old; loss of ambulation between 8-12

21
Q

main manifestation of duchenne MD?

A

enlarged calves (pseudo-hypertrophy); it’s not muscle, but fat and scar tissue
-slow motor development
-progressive wewkness
-clumsy, fall a lot
-sitting and standing difficult

22
Q

life span of someone with Duchenne MD

A

12-20; die from respiratory insufficiency or pneumonia

23
Q

chronic inflammatory myopathy symptoms

A

-progressive muscle weakness
-elevated CK levels
-systemic inflammation (CRP)

24
Q

types of chronic inflammatory myopathy

A

polymyositis: muscle only; lymphocyte infiltration
dermatomyositis: rash of eyelids, face, upper chest

25
Q

metabolic myopathy

A

metabolic disease causing muscle weakness

26
Q

McArdle’s Disease

A

autosomal recessive disease that is a defect of myophosphorylase (break down glycogen) *glycogen storage disease

27
Q

symptoms of McArdle’s disease

A

exercise intolerance
painful muscle cramps
myoglobinuria

28
Q

rhabdomyolysis

A

dissolving of skeletal muscle

29
Q

etiology of rhabdomyolysis

A

damaged skeletal muscle cells leak myoglobin and K+ into plasma which is filtered through the glomerulus and cause orange/brown urine color

30
Q

complications of rhabdomyolysis

A

nephrotoxicity - acute renal failure
tubular obstruction

31
Q

third spacing

A

fluid sequestration in damaged tissue –> dehydration –> decreased blood flow to kidneys

32
Q

what is myasthenia gravis

A

autoimmune disease failure of neuromuscular transmission//connection (nerve cell can’t connect to muscle correctly)

33
Q

etiology of myasthenia gravis

A

blockage and destruction of acetylcholine receptors

34
Q

what is myasthenia gravis characterized by?

A

muscled weakness that is aggravated by repeated contraction

35
Q

which muscle is typically affected with myasthenia gravis?

A

muscle with small motor units – ocular muscles

can progress to facial muscles, limbs, and respiratory system

36
Q

diagnostic testing of myasthenia gravis

A

tensilon test
EMG
serum assay

37
Q

treatment for myasthenia gravis

A

-immunosuppressives, cholinesterase inhibitors
-thymectomy

38
Q

rhabdomyoma

A

rare BENIGN tumor of striated muscle

39
Q

rhadomyosarcoma

A

rare malignant tumor of striated muscle; more common in head, neck; more common in children

40
Q

paralysis types

A

flaccid: reduced muscle tone; lower motor neuron
spastic: over toned muscle, hyperirritable nerves

41
Q

quadriplegia (tetra)

A

above 1st thoracic; all 4 limbs

42
Q

paraplegia

A

below 1st thoracic; legs

43
Q

hemiplegia

A

one sided paralysis

44
Q

hemiparesis

A

one sided weakness

Understanding Human Disease (10 decks)

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