Chapter 17

Question 1

metrorrhagia

Answer 1

irregular menstrual bleeding

Question 2

menorrhagia

Answer 2

heavy menstrual bleeding

Question 3

amenorrhea

Answer 3

absence of menstrual bleeding for 3+ months

Question 4

dysmenorrhea

Answer 4

painful menstruation (cramps)

Question 5

endometriosis definition

Answer 5

functioning endometrial tissue outside of uterus

Question 6

causes of endometriosis

Answer 6

retrograde menstruation
spread through vascular or lymphatic systems
genetic predisposition

Question 7

what is the main risk of endometriosis?

Answer 7

infertility

Question 8

endometriosis treatments

Answer 8

-surgically remove ectopic tissue
-oral contraceptives
-inhibit release of LH and FSH (AP)
-suppress production of gonadotropic releasing hormone
-complete hysterectomy

Question 9

etiology of metrorrhagia

Answer 9

the follicle fails to mature –> no corpus luteum –> anovulation (no progesterone) –> increase in estrogen and the uterus sheds and bleeds at irregular times

Question 10

cervical polyps

Answer 10

benign tumors on surface of cervical canal
-asymptomatic, can lead to metrorrhagia
-remove surgically

Question 11

cervical dysplasia

Answer 11

abnormal growth of cervical epithelium

Question 12

screening for cervical cancer

Answer 12

pap smear/test at 21 years old

Question 13

risk factors for cervical cancer

Answer 13

HPV
multiple sex partners
genetics

Question 14

what is the most deadly cancer of the reproductive tract?

Answer 14

ovarian cancer

Question 15

what is the most common cancer of the female reproductive tract?

Answer 15

uterine/endometrial cancer

Question 16

uterine leiomyoma

Answer 16

benign tumors of myoma (fibroids)

Question 17

etiology of fibroids

Answer 17

unknown

Question 18

risk factors of uterine fibroids

Answer 18

-30+
-obesity
-family history

Question 19

risk factors for uterine cancer

Answer 19

-age
-obesity (fat cells increase estrogen)
-excessive estrogen exposure

Question 20

what causes cramps in dysmenorrhea?

Answer 20

release of prostaglandins

Question 21

ovarian cyst

Answer 21

fluid filled sac in/on ovary

Question 22

etiology of ovarian cyst

Answer 22

unkown

Question 23

what two things contribute to ovarian cysts?

Answer 23

hypothyroidism
early age when have first period

Question 24

what do ovarian cysts put you at risk for?

Answer 24

torsion

Question 25

PCOS

Answer 25

follicles develop, but egg isn’t released from ovary; many cysts develop on ovaries; produce androgens –> male pattern hair growth

Question 26

what is associated with PCOS?

Answer 26

insulin resistance
hypertension
dyslipidemia

Question 27

PID

Answer 27

infection/inflammation of women’s reproductive organs

Question 28

what causes PID?

Answer 28

untreated STIs/STDs

Question 29

complications of PID

Answer 29

-scar tissue
-infertility
-ectopic pregnancy

Question 30

what does menopause put you at risk for from low estrogen?

Answer 30

-osteoporosis
-atherosclerosis
-increased FSH and LH (hot flashes)

Question 31

what effects does supplemental estrogen have on the body during menopause?

Answer 31

-decrease risk for osteoporosis
-increase risk of uterine and breast cancer
-increase risk of thrombus formation and heart attack