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Understanding Human Disease > Chapter 18 - The Breast > Flashcards

Chapter 18 - The Breast Flashcards

1
Q

what is the main function of the breasts?

A

produce milk

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2
Q

what are the two main types of tissues in the breast

A

glandular (lobules and ducts) and stromal (fat and CT)

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3
Q

during puberty, what type of cell changes occur in the breast?

A

hyperplasia – increase in cell number so size of breast increases

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4
Q

what type of cell change occurs in the breast during menstruation?

A

cyclic hyperplasia then involuation- increase in size during menstruation, then decrease

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5
Q

what type of change occurs in the breast during pregnancy and lactation?

A

hypertrophy of the gland and duct tissues which increase the size of the breast

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6
Q

what type of change occurs in the breast after menopause?

A

breasts decrease in size from lowering hormone levels

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7
Q

what are the two main types of breast changes? and what types of diseases occur with them?

A

benign – fibrocystic breast disease and fibroadenomas
malignant – breast carcinoma

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8
Q

what is galactorrhea

A

milk production when a woman isn’t pregnant

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9
Q

what is gynecomastia

A

breast development in males from hormone imbalances

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10
Q

what screening test is most useful for postmenopausal women whose breasts have more fat?

A

mammogram

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11
Q

when should you get your first mammogram?

A

age 35-40 (based on family history)

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12
Q

what screening test is most sensitive and may be better at detecting a small carcinoma?

A

MRI

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13
Q

what screening test is usually the first choice for young women?

A

ultrasound

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14
Q

how are breasts developed? and what is left over after these disappear?

A

mammary ridges; nipples left over (occasional extra nip)

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15
Q

acute mastitis

A

inflammation of the breast

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16
Q

main cause of acute mastitis

A

staph infection

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17
Q

what are symptoms of mastitis?

A

swelling, pain, redness, lumps

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18
Q

what is the most common benign change in women?

A

fibrocystic breast disease

19
Q

What is the main cause of fibrocystic breast disease?

A

unknown; idiopathic

20
Q

is fibrocystic breast disease benign or metastatic?

A

benign

21
Q

what age range is fibrocystic breast disease most common in?

A

20-40

22
Q

most common signs and symptoms of fibrocystic breast disease

A

painful lumps in breast, size of lump changes with period, nipple discharge, inflammation

23
Q

Treatment for fibrocystic breast disease

A

Small - nothing
Aspiration of cyst
Cut it out with surgery

24
Q

what is a fibroadenoma

A

benign, well-circumscribed tumor in the breast

25
Q

signs/symptoms of fibroadenomas

A

painless, size doesn’t fluctuate (common in young women)

26
Q

treatment for fibroadenomas

A

remove with surgery

27
Q

what is the most frequently diagnosed cancer in American women?

A

breast cancer

28
Q

what is the leading cause of death in women ages 40-44

A

breast cancer

29
Q

what is the most common type of breast carcinoma (sporadic vs familial)

A

sporadic - 95%

30
Q

risk factors for breast cancer (6)

A

-prolonged estrogen exposure (no children, not breastfeeding, etc.)
-obesity
-alcohol
-sedentary
-caucasian
-hormone replacement therapy

31
Q

mutations in which genes increase the risk of breast or ovarian cancer?

A

BRCA 1 and BRCA2

32
Q

can you inherit breast cancer from both parents?

A

yes

33
Q

what do BRCA1 and BRCA2 do?

A

encode proteins for DNA repair (common cause of cancer)

34
Q

what classification of breast cancer is most common at diagnosis?

A

invasive (has already metastasized)

35
Q

well-differentiated cells in breast cancer

A

good prognosis; less aggressive; usually resemble normal breast tissue

36
Q

poorly-differentiated cells in breast cancer

A

poor prognosis; more aggressive

37
Q

how do you officially diagnose breast carcinoma?

A

biopsy of the sentinel lymph node

38
Q

Modalities of treatment for breast cancer

A

lumpectomy and rim of benign tissue, then radiation/chemotherapy if needed

39
Q

After a biopsy, what would ER or PR indicate?

A

more favorable prognosis; less aggressive; give Tamoxifen to block the receptors and slow growth

40
Q

What would HER2 indicate?

A

more aggressive; less responsive to treatment, but can use HER2 blockers to slow growth

41
Q

what does it mean if a woman is triple negative

A

no ER
no PR
no HER2

42
Q

what is the treatment for recurrent metastatic carcinoma of the breast?

A

control the growth
relieve symptoms
improve QOL

43
Q

what does hormone replacement therapy increase the risk for?

A

breast cancer and ovarian cancer

Understanding Human Disease (10 decks)

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