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Understanding Human Disease > Chapter 20 - Eye > Flashcards

Chapter 20 - Eye Flashcards

1
Q

Three layers of the eyeball

A

Outer - scleral
uveal
Retinal layer

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2
Q

where is the first refraction of light?

A

cornea

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3
Q

where is the second refraction of light?

A

lens

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4
Q

what structure can accommodate its shape to see far away or close up?

A

lens

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5
Q

what shape does the lens take during accommodation?

A

rounded

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6
Q

where are photoreceptors?

A

retina

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7
Q

rods

A

light

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8
Q

cones

A

acuity, color

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9
Q

what structure provides the greatest visual acuity?

A

macula (post on the retina)

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10
Q

what structure provides the best vision?

A

fovea

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11
Q

what fluid cleans the lens and retina?

A

aqueous humor

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12
Q

what glands produce tears?

A

lacrimal

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13
Q

what is strabismus?

A

crossed eyes

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14
Q

etiology of strabismus

A

eye muscles don’t work together and it confuses the brain. the brain then ignores image from the weaker eye causing ambylyopia (lazy eye)

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15
Q

what is nystagmus?

A

fast uncontrollable eye movements in one or both eyes

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16
Q

etiology of nystagmus

A

congenital or acquired from head injury, stroke, inner ear disorders, or drugs/medication (most common)

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17
Q

sneller eye chart

A

how much you can see from 20 ft away (20/20),

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18
Q

ophthalmoscope

A

tool used to examine the retina

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19
Q

tonometer

A

tool used to measure intra-ocular pressure

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20
Q

slit-lamp

A

tool used to examine the cornea, iris, and lens

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21
Q

hyperopia

A

farsighted, trouble seeing close up

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22
Q

myopia

A

nearsighted, trouble seeing far away (more common)

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23
Q

presbyopia

A

vision loss with age

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24
Q

astigmatism

A

curvature in cornea

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25
Q

symptoms of myopia

A

blurred vision, squinting when looking at far objects

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26
Q

symptoms of hyperopia

A

difficulty focusing on near objects

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27
Q

treatment for refractive disorders

A

LASIK - both disorders
lens implant - myopia (nearsightedness only)

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28
Q

treatment for myopia

A

concave lenses

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29
Q

treatment for hyperopia

A

convex lenses

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30
Q

treatment for astigmatism

A

glasses or hard contact lenses

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31
Q

presbyopia treatment

A

reading glasses or bifocal lenses

32
Q

what is conjunctivitis

A

inflammation of the conjunctiva *pink eye

33
Q

is pink eye contagious?

A

yes

34
Q

what is the cause of conjunctivitis?

A

bacterial (most common), fungal, viral, or related to injury

35
Q

corneal keratitis

A

infection of cornea, unilateral, leads to scarring –>vision loss

36
Q

corneal keratopathy (band)

A

calcium deposits within cornea, creates a band – pain, decreased acuity

37
Q

corneal dystrophy

A

clouding of cornea from abnormal accumulation
*bilateral
*genetic

38
Q

is corneal dystrophy genetic?

A

yes

39
Q

cataracts

A

cloudy lens

40
Q

what is the leading cause of blindness in adults?

A

cataracts

41
Q

is cataracts age associated?

A

yes - 90% of adults have some by 65

42
Q

treatment for cataracts

A

LASIK surgery `

43
Q

glaucoma

A

damaged optic nerve from increased intraocular pressureis

44
Q

is glaucoma reversible or irreversible?

A

irreversible

45
Q

why does IOP increase with glaucoma?

A

there’s a buildup of aqueous humor from the ciliary body

46
Q

what is a common symptom of glaucoma?

A

light halos

47
Q

is glaucoma an emergency?

A

yes - possible loss of vision within 1 day

48
Q

risk factors for glaucoma

A

age
refractive disorders
genetics
other diseases (hypertension and diabetes)

49
Q

retinal detachment

A

retina peels away from support tissue

50
Q

is retinal detachment an emergency?

A

yes - can lead to blindness

51
Q

symptoms of retinal detachment

A

spots, floaters, and flashes of light – NOT painful

52
Q

Etiology of retinal detachment

A

trauma to eye
Marfan syndrome
extreme nearsightedness

53
Q

How do reattach the retina? - treatment

A

surgery to reattach

54
Q

macular degeneration

A

damage to macula - does not lead to complete loss of vision

55
Q

what is the leading cause of vision loss in people over 60?

A

macular degeneration

56
Q

risk factors for macular degeneratation

A

age
obesity
UV light exposure
smoking
family history
ethnicity

57
Q

what is the treatment for macular degeneration?

A

no cure

58
Q

symptom of macular degeneration

A

blurry dark spot in the middle of visual field

59
Q

hypertensive retinopathy

A

damage to retina due to hypertension

60
Q

hypertensive retinopathy symptoms

A

dim vision
vision loss
double vision

61
Q

is hypertensive retinopathy reversible?

A

yes - with treatment

62
Q

diabetic retinopathy

A

damage to blood vessels in retina from diabetes

63
Q

what can diabetic retinopathy lead to?

A

microhemorrhages
edema
neovascularization (new blood vessels)

64
Q

symptoms of diabetic retinopathy

A

spots/floaters in eyes
blurred vision
empty spot in vision

65
Q

treatment for diabetic retinopathy

A

blood glucose control
surgery to seal leaky vessels

66
Q

how many more times are diabetics to go blind than normal people?

A

20x more likely

67
Q

other diseases in diabetics

A

glaucoma
retinal detachment
cataracts
diabetic retinopathy

68
Q

color blindness

A

deficiency of certain cones

69
Q

red-green color vision defects

A

deficiency in red/green cones

70
Q

blue-yellow color vision defects

A

trouble differentiating shades of blue and green

71
Q

what type of genetic disease is color blindness?

A

X-linked
Autosomal recessive

72
Q

retinoblastoma

A

cancer of the eye in children

73
Q

what type of genetic disease is retinoblastoma?

A

autosomal dominant - Rb1 gene

74
Q

malignant melanoma

A

cancer of the eye in adults – arise from melanocytes in the choroid layer and iris

75
Q

malignant melanoma has a worse prognosis than ……. melanoma

A

skin

76
Q

what is the definition of blindness

A

visual acuity of 20/200

77
Q

causes of blindness

A

lesions
developmental causes
trauma

Understanding Human Disease (10 decks)

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