Chapter 24: Neurologic System

Question 1

Major function of the Cerebral cortex—frontal lobe:

Answer 1

-personality, behavior, emotions, intellectual function, and voluntary movement.

Question 2

Major function of the Cerebral cortex—parietal lobe:

Answer 2

-primary center for sensation.

Question 3

Major function of the Cerebral cortex—temporal lobe:

Answer 3

-primary auditory reception area, hearing tase, and smell.

Question 4

Major function of the Cerebral cortex—Wernicke’s area:

Answer 4

-language comprehension.

Question 5

Major function of the Cerebral cortex—Broca’s area:

Answer 5

-motor speech.

Question 6

Major function of the Basal ganglia:

Answer 6

-control automatic associated movements of the body, such as the arm swing alternating with the legs during walking.

Question 7

Major function of the Thalamus:

Answer 7

-the main relay station for the nervous system—sensory pathways from the spinal cord and brainstem form synapses here on their way to the cerebral cortex.

Question 8

Major function of the Hypothalamus:

Answer 8

-a major respiratory control center with the following vital functions: temperature, heart rate, blood pressure control, appetite, sex drive, sleep center, stress response.
-anterior and posterior pituitary gland
regulator; and coordinator of the autonomic nervous system activity and emotional status.

Question 9

Major function of the Cerebellum:

Answer 9

-motor coordination of voluntary movements, equilibrium, and muscle tone. It operates below the conscious level to coordinate and smooth out
movements.

Question 10

Major function of the Midbrain:

Answer 10

• contains many motor neurons and tracts.

- merges into thalamus/hypothalamus

Question 11

Major function of the Pons:

Answer 11

• contains ascending and descending fiber tracts.

- 2 respiratory centers coordinate with main respiratory center injection medulla

Question 12

Major function of the Medulla:

Answer 12

-It also has vital
autonomic centers (respiration, heart, GI function) and nuclei for several cranial nerves.
-the continuation of the spinal cord in the brain that contains all the ascending
and descending fiber tracts that connect the brain and spinal cord.

Question 13

Major function of the Spinal cord:

Answer 13

-the main highway for ascending and descending fiber tracts that connect the
brain to the spinal nerves and mediates reflexes of posture control, urination, and pain response

Question 14

What is the 4-point grading scale for deep tendon reflexes?

Answer 14

0 = No response.
1+ = Diminished, low normal.
2+ = Average, normal.
3+ = Brisker than average, may indicate disease.
4+ = Very brisk, hyperactive with clonus, indicative of disease.

Question 15

What are then primary sensations mediated by the 2 major sensory pathways of the CNS?

Answer 15

Anterolateral (spinothalamic) tract: pain, temp, crude, light touch
Posterior (dorsal) columns: sensations of position, vibration, and finely localized touch.

Question 16

What are the 3 major motor pathways in CNS?

Answer 16

• Corticospinal
• Extrapyramidal
• Cerebellar

Question 17

What does the Corticospinal pathway do?

Answer 17

-voluntary movement, especially very skilled, discrete, purposeful movements, such as writing.

Question 18

What does the Extrapyramidal pathway do?

Answer 18

-maintains muscle tone and controls body movements, especially gross automatic movements, such as walking.

Question 19

What does the Cerebellar pathway do?

Answer 19

-coordinates movement, maintains equilibrium, and helps maintain posture. It functions at the subconscious level.

Question 20

What are facts about the upper motor neuron?

Answer 20

• A complex of all the descending motor fibers that can influence or
  modify the lower motor neurons.
  -The upper motor neurons convey impulses from motor areas of the cerebral cortex to the lower motor neurons in the anterior horn cells of the spinal cord.
  -Located completely within the CNS.

Question 21

What are facts about the lower motor neuron?

Answer 21

• The “final common pathway” because it funnels many neural signals here, and it provides the final direct contact with the muscles.
• The lower motor neurons translate movement into action.
• Located mostly within the peripheral nervous system.

Question 22

What are the 5 components of a deep tendon reflex arc?

Answer 22

• An intact sensory nerve (afferent).
• A functional synapse in the cord.
• An intact motor nerve fiber (efferent).
• The neuromuscular junction.
• A competent muscle.

Question 23

What’re 3 tests of cerebellar function?

Answer 23

• Heel to shin: Have the patient slide there right foot down their left shin and vice versa. Their movement should be smooth and not difficult.
• Finger to nose: Have patient close their eyes and then touch their finger to their nose, alternating right hand and left hand.
• Finger to Finger: Have patient close their eyes and extend to touch their finger to your finger.

Question 24

What are major symptoms to asses when collecting a health history for the neurological system?

Answer 24

-Head injury, dizziness, numbness, tingling, headache, difficulty speaking, weakness, tremors, seizures, incoordination, difficulty swallowing, patient-centered care, environmental and occupational hazards.

Question 25

What method of testing is used for the sensory system assessments on pain, temp, touch, vibration, and position?

Answer 25

Pain: perception of a PINPRICK against the skin.
Touch: use COTTON to lightly touch the skin
Vibration: TUNING FORK over bony prominences
Position: have the patient close their eyes, move their fingers/toes up or down and then have them tell you which way you are moving them.

Question 26

What are the vertebral level and corresponding reflexes? (5)

Answer 26

• Biceps reflex: C5 to C6.
• Triceps reflex: C7 to C8.
• Brachioradialis reflex: C5 to C6.
• Quadriceps reflex: L2 to L4.
• Achilles reflex: L5 to S2.

Question 27

What are the components of the neurologic recheck examination that are performed routinely on hospitalized peeress being monitored for neurologic deficit?

Answer 27

• Level of consciousness
• Vital signs
• Pupillary response
• Motor function.

Question 28

What are the 3 areas of assessment on the Glasgow Coma Scale?

Answer 28

• Eye opening
• Verbal response
• Motor response.

Question 29

PNS includes how many pairs of spinal nerves and how many pairs of cranial nerves?

Answer 29

• 12 pairs of cranial nerves
• 31 pairs of spinal nerves
• and all their branches

Question 30

Center of functions governing thought, memory, reasoning, sensation, and voluntary movement

Answer 30

-Cerebral Cortex

Question 31

__ cerebral cortex receives sensory information from and controls motor function to __ side of the body.

Answer 31

Left

Right

Question 32

Contains sensory fibers that transmit sensations of pain, temperature, and crude or light touch

Answer 32

Anterolateral tract (Spinothalmatic)

Question 33

These fibers conduct sensations of position, vibration, and finely localized touch.Position (proprioception), vibration, and finely localized touch (stereognosis)

Answer 33

Posterior (dorsal) columns

Question 34

asic defense mechanisms of nervous system

Answer 34

reflexes

Question 35

3 types of reflexes?

Answer 35

Stretch on/deep tendon (myotatic) - ex: knee jerk
Superficial (cutaneous)
Visceral (organ) -pupillary response to light and accommodation