Chapter 23- Musculoskeletal System Flashcards
The musculoskeletal system consists of ____.
bones, joints, and muscles
The musculoskeletal system is needed for :
support and to stand erect
movement
to encase and protect inner vital organs
to produce RBCs in bone marrow
Serve as a reservoir for storage of essential minerals
Musculoskeletal components :
Bones and cartilage
fibrous, cartilaginous and synovial
Joints
ligaments
Bursa
Muscle
___ are places of union of 2 or more bones
joints or articulations
fibrous bands from one bone to another that strengthen the joint and prevent of union of two or more bones
Ligaments
enclosed fluid filled sac that serves as a cushion
Bursa
What kind of joint: Bones united by interjacent fibrous tissue or cartilage and do not move (sutures in skull)
Fibrous joints
What kind of joint: Separated by fibrous cartilage and are slightly moveable (vertebrae)
Cartilaginous joints
Freely moveable joints separated by one another and enclosed in a cavity lined with synovial membrane that secretes fluid
Synovial joints
Bursae are located in areas of ___ to facilitate movement of muscles and tendons
potential friction
synovial joints are surrounded by ____
ligaments
Synovial joints contain a layer of ___ cartilage
avascular
Bending limb at joint
Flexion
Straightening limb at joint
Extension
moving limb away from midline of body
Abduction
Moving limb toward midline of body
Adduction
turning forearm so that palm is down
pronation
turning forearm so that palm is up
supination
moving arm in circle around shoulder
circumduction
moving sole of foot inward at ankle
inversion
moving some of foot outward at ankle
eversion
moving head around central axis
rotation
moving body part forward, parallel to ground
protraction
moving body part backward, parallel to ground
retraction
raising a body part
elevation
lowering a body part
depression
the articulation of mandible and temporal bone
temporomandibular joint
Temporomandibular Joint (TMJ) permits ___
jaw function of speaking and chewing
TMJ allows 3 motions:
hinge action to open and close jaws
gliding action for protrusion and retraction
gliding for side-to-side movement of lower jaw
33 connecting bones stacked in vertical column
Vertebrae
Vertebrae in humans: how many cervical? thoracic? lumbar? sacral? coccygeal?
7 cervical 12 thoracic 5 lumbar 5 sacral 3-4 coccygeal
You can feel the spinous processes in furrow down the __ of the back
midline
Spinous processes of __ and __ prominent at base of neck
C7 and T1
The inferior angle of scapula normally at level of interspace between __ and __.
T7 and T8
The imaginary line connecting highest points on each iliac crest crosses __.
L4
Imaginary line joining two symmetric dimples that overlie posterior superior iliac spines crosses the __.
sacrum
The lateral view of the spine shows the vertebral column having __ curves, a ___-S shape.
4
double
Cervia and lumbar curves are ___
concave (inward or anterior)
Thoracic and sacrococcygeal curves are ___.
convex
What allows the spine to absorb shock?
The balanced or compensatory nature of curves together with the intervertebral disks
__ are elastic fibrocartilaginous plates that constitute one fourth the length of column
Intervertebral disks
__ is the disk center composed of soft, semifluid, mucoid material
Nucleus pulposus
Motions of vertebral column:
Flexion, extension, abduction, and rotation
What makes up the shoulder girdle?
Humerus, scapula, clavicle, joints and muscle
what joint is this? The articulation of humerus with glenn is fossa of scapula
Glenohumeral joint
___ action allows mobility of arm on many axes
ball-and-socket
A group of 4 (SITS) muscles and tendons that support and stabilize shoulder
Rotator cuff
the subacromial bursa assists with ___ of the arm.
Abduction
Landmarks::: The scapula and clavicle form the ____.
Shoulder girdle
You can feel the bump of the ___ a domino process at the very top of the shoulder.
scapula’s
The elbow joint contains 3 bony articulations:
humerus, radius, and ulna of forearm
Palpable landmarks for elbow:
medial and lateral epicondyles of humerus and large olecranon process of ulna between them.
The radius and ulna articulate with eachother at 2 radioulnar joints, one at the __ and one at the ___.
elbow
wrist
The condyloid action permits movement in 2 planes at rught angles: __ and __ and ___ deviation.
flexion
extension
side-to-side
The midcarpal joint allows :
flexion, extension, and some rotation
The articulation(joint) of the hip is :
between acetabulum and head of the femur
The ball-and-socket action on the hip permits ____
wide range of motion on many axes
__ enhance stability and ___ facilitate movement.
muscles
bursae
Palpation of what bony landmarks will guide your examination??
iliac crest
ischial tuberosity
greater trochanter of the femur
What joint is this? The articulation of three bones- femur, tibia, and patella— in common articulation cavity
Knee joint
What is the largest joint in the body?
Knee joint
The knee joint permits __ and __ of lower leg on single plane
flexion
extension
____ membrane is the largest in the body.
Synovial
Two wedge-shaped cartilages, called __ and ___, cushion the tibia and femur.
medial
lateral menisci
The knee is stabilized by 2 sets of ligaments:
Cruciate
Collateral ligaments
__ ligaments give anterior and posterior stability and help control rotation .
Cruciate
___ ligaments give medial and lateral stability and prevent dislocation.
Collateral
Landmarks of the knee:
Quadriceps muscle, felt on anterior and lateral thigh.
Tibial tuberosity- felt as bony prominence in the midline
Note lateral and medial condyles of tibia
Medial and lateral epicondyles of femur are on either side of patella
The articulation of the tibia, fibula, and talus
Ankle or tibiotalar joint
Hinge joint: limited to __ and __ in one plane
flexion (dorsiflexion)
extension (plantar flexion)
Joints distal tibia ankle give ____
additional mobility to the foot.
subtalar joints permit __ and __ of foot.
inversion and eversion
Foot has a ___ arch, with weight-bearing distributed between parts that touch the ground, the ___ and ___.
longitudinal arch
heads of the metatarsals and the calcaneous (heel)
By age __, fetus has formed “scale model” of the skeleton of cartilage.
3
__ to true bone continues in utero
Ossification
“in the uterus”
in utero
Bone growth occurs in __ dimensions.
2
specialized growth plates at the end of long bones
Epiphyses
Longitudinal growth continues until ___
closure of epiphyses. (last closure occurs at about age 20)
Muscle scary in size and strength in different people due to __, __, and ___.
genetics
nutrition
exercise
Pregnant Woman: increased levels of circulating hormones cause increased _____
mobility in joints
estrogen, relaxin, corticosteroids
Increased mobility in __, __, and __ pubis joints in pelvis contributed to noticeable changes in maternal posture.
sacroiliac
sacrococcygeal
symphysis
Most characteristic change in pregnant women is ___ leading to increased back strain.
progressive lordosis
Pressure on ___ and ___ nerves are seen in the last trimester.
ulnar and median
Compensatory postural change in pregnant women:
anterior flexion of neck and slumping of shoulder girdle
___ ___ is cyclic process of resorption and deposition.
Bone remodeling
After age 40, __ occurs more rapidly than __.
resorption
deposition
Aging adult: ___ and ___ are most noticeable changes.
postural changed
decreased height
___ leading to different contour in again adults.
Distribution of subcutaneous fat changes
Loss of subcutaneous fat leaves ___ more marked.
bony prominences
Aging adult; theirs an absolute loss in ____.
Decrease in size and atrophy produces ___
muscle mass
weakness
Bone mineral density (BMD)
Higher BMD = ____
Lower BMD = ____
Higher BMD- denser bone
Lower BMD- consistent predictor of hip and vertebral fractures
Earlier peak and rapid decline of BMD associated with increased fracture risk in ____ women.
Caucasian
The purpose of a musculoskeletal examination is to ____
assess function for ADLs and to screen for abnormalities
Take an orderly approach such as :
head to toe
proximal to distal
and from midline outward
Does an audible and palpable snap or click occur in the mouth of healthy or sick people?
healthy
Phalen test
Acute flexion of wrist produces numbness and burning if it is positive
Tinel sign test
percussion of median nerve produces burning and tingling if positive
Limitation of abduction of hip while supine is most common motion dysfunction found in ___
hip disease
Perform McMurray’s test if ____ is suspected in knee.
audible click on examination is positive for prescence of this
meniscal tear
If swelling is observed, test for ___ and ballottement of patella to distinguish soft-tissue swelling or increased fluid in joint.
bulge sign
Enhanced thoracic curve typically seen in aging people
Kyphosis
Pronounced lumbar curve seen in obese people
Lordosis
When palpating spinous processes they should be :
straight and not tender
When palpating paravertebral muscles they should be:
should feel firm with no tenderness or spasm.
Spine; Flexion should be how many degrees?
75 to 90 degrees
The concave lumbar curve should disappear with flexion , and back should have a single ____ curve.
Convex C-shaped
Spine: When person is bent over, mark a dot on each spinous process, and when patient resumes standing the dots should ___.
Form a straight vertical line.
Spine: When they bend sideways the degrees should be ___.
When they bend backward the degrees should be ___.
When they twist shoulders the rotation of degrees should be ___
35
30
30
When doing Leg raising (Lasegue’s) Test, if it produces sciatic pain, then it confirms presence of ____.
herniated nucleus pulposus.
___ test and ___ test are used to check for hip dislocation.
Allis test
Ortolani’s maneuver
A twisting of the tibia
Tibial torsion
