Chapter 23 Wo

Question 1

What are the special considerations for senior population training? What type of resistance training system is most appropriate for the senior population? It’s recommended that the senior population start with seated position exercises and progress to which position?

Answer 1

Special considerations for working with seniors.
* Progression should be slow, well-monitored, and based on postural control.
* Exercises should be progressed, if possible, toward free sitting (no support or standing)
* Make sure your client is breathing in a normal manner and avoiding holding their breath as in
the Valsalva maneuver.
* If the client cannot tolerate SMR or static stretches because of other conditions, perform slow
rhythmic activity or dynamic stretches.
- 1 to 3 sets of 8 to 20 repetitions at 40 to 80% for 3 to 5 days per week. Peripheral heart action
(PHA) is the system to use for seniors.

Question 2

What are some physiological and functional changes related to aging?

Answer 2

we see reductions in:
- Max attainable heart rate
- Cardiac output
- Muscle mass
- Balance
- Coordination
- Connective tissue elasticity
- Bone mineral density

Question 3

What are the cardiovascular and resistance training guidelines for clients with
diabetes, obesity, and arthritis, respectively?

Answer 3

• A diabetic client should perform 1-3 sets of resistance training 2 to 3 days per week.
• Diabetic clients should perform low-impact stage I cardio 4-7 days per week and progress to stage II or III as tolerated.
• Obese clients should perform resistance training 2 to 3 days per week.
• Obese clients should use stage I cardiorespiratory training and progress to stage II
  (between 40 and 70% of maximal heart rate, if needed)
• For clients who have arthritis, cardiorespiratory training should be done 3 to 5 days
  per week for 30 minutes.
• Clients with arthritis should ease into resistance training. Start with very low
  repetitions and increase until reaching 10-12 reps before increasing weight. Perform resistance exercise 2-3 days per week.

Question 4

What is hypertension defined as? What is considered a normal or average blood
pressure reading?

Answer 4

Hypertension is defined as anyone with a reading of greater than or equal to 140 / 90. Either the systolic or diastolic above 140 or 90, respectively, counts as hypertension, although both numbers could be high as well. Blood pressure readings should be taken twice to confirm hypertension. Normal blood pressure is 120 / 80.

Question 5

What are the special considerations for hypertensive clients? In what positions should
you perform exercise with hypertensive clients?

Answer 5

Special considerations for working with hypertensive clients.
* Avoid heavy lifting and Valsalva maneuvers - make sure that the client breathes normally.
* Do not allow overgrip on weights or clenched fists when training.
* Modify tempo to avoid extended isometric and concentric muscle action.
* Perform exercises in a seated or standing position
* Allow the client to stand up slowly to avoid possible dizziness.
* Progress clients slowly.

Question 6

6. What are the different forms of arthritis?

Answer 6

1. Arthritis is a chronic inflammation occurring in the joints.
2. Osteoarthritis is when cartilage becomes soft, frayed, or things out, as a result of trauma or other
   conditions.
3. Rheumatoid arthritis affects the connective tissues primarily and there is a thickening of articular
   soft tissues and extension of synovial tissues over articular cartilages that have eroded.

Question 7

Write down the full exercise guideline for pregnant women.

Answer 7

Mode -
Low impact or step aerobics that avoid jarring movements; treadmill walking, stationary cycling, and water activity.

Frequency -
3 to 5 days per week

Intensity -
Moderate intensity (40–70% HRmax), increase as tolerated or based on a
physician’s advice.

Duration -
15 to 30 minutes per day. There may be a need to start out with only five minutes of exercise and progressively increase to 30 minutes, depending on the phase of pregnancy.

Assessment -
Push, pull, overhead squat.

Flexibility -
Static, Active stretching and SMR.

Resistance training -
2 to 3 days per week, using light loads at 12 to 15 repetitions.

Special considerations -
Avoid exercises in a prone or supine position after 12 weeks of
pregnancy.

Question 8

What are the basic exercise guidelines for people with lung disease?

Answer 8

Mode = Treadmill walking, stationary cycling, etc.

Frequency = 3 – 5 days each week.

Intensity = 40 – 60% of peak working capacity.

Duration = Work for up to 20 – 45 minutes.

Assessment = pushing, pulling, overhead squat.

Flexibility = static and active stretching.

Resistance training = 1 set of 8 – 15 reps, 2 – 3 days each week.

Special considerations = upper body work may cause increases in dyspnea.

Question 9

If someone has osteoporosis, what should the exercises focus on, and what should be
avoided?

Answer 9

Clients with osteoporosis should focus on the hips, back, and the arms. Avoid movements that place excessive loading on the spine like the squat and the leg press.

Question 10

What is the recommended starting time for individuals found to have arthritis?

Answer 10

Clients with arthritis should start with a small interval of around 5 minutes of time for their exercise. Progress from there as they improve their fitness level.