Chapter 23 - Russia, the EU, and the Energy/FP Nexus

Question 1

___ and ___ are two of the greatest indicators of modern power.

Answer 1

Resource possession and energy dependence.

Question 2

Post-Cold War Energy in Europe

Answer 2

Many multilateral organizations came together to try and bring Russia in and create a predictable trade regime (CEE, CIS, EC).

Question 3

Energy Charter Treaty

Answer 3

Framework for trade, transit, and investment signed in 1994.
Many setbacks in the late 90s.

Question 4

Three Bases for Russian Energy Dominance

Answer 4

Vast ownership of and access to energy resources
Pipeline network ownership
Long-term contracts that guarantee Russian exports will have European importers

Question 5

3 Primary Russian State-Owned Companies

Answer 5

Gazprom - Natural Gas
Rosneft - Oil
Transneft - Pipelines

Question 6

Why EU states don’t just make their own energy

Answer 6

Infrastructure and starting costs

Question 7

Two Key Elements of EU-Russia Dynamics

Answer 7

EU relies on Russian imports for energy

EU depends on transit countries - especially Ukraine

Question 8

Security of Supply Crisis

Answer 8

In 2004, it became clear that Ukraine couldn’t pay off their debt to Gazprom. Coupled with growing pro-west, anti-Russian sentiment, Russia shut down pipelines going through Ukraine in 2006.
This had profound effects for other states.

Question 9

Energy takes the shape of ____, _____, and _____.

Answer 9

Diplomacy, embargoes, and sometimes coercion/hard power.

Question 10

Importers have power because…

Answer 10

The EU possesses a massive market. That’s the EU’s strongest stick/carrot.

Question 11

Four Common EU-Russia Policy Spaces

Answer 11

2015 European Energy Union
International Energy Charter
Euro-Mediterranean Partnership
Partnership and Cooperation Agreement

Question 12

Transit States

Answer 12

In between Russia and Western Europe

Reliant on both parties to keep up their end of the bargain.

Question 13

Europe’s Position

Answer 13

Super dependent on external suppliers for more than 50% of energy
This makes Russia powerful

Question 14

Theoretical Approaches of EU v Russia

Answer 14

EU - Constructivist

Russia - Realist

Question 15

EU Built Upon

Answer 15

European identity
Global market for investment and innovation
Cooperation

Question 16

Russia and Realism

Answer 16

Cooperation with West is only pursued if it benefits Russia.
Fuse economic development with projecting influence.
The state act as a unit, not a billion different groups with different interests. Oil companies are nationalized.

Question 17

Lessons from the 2005-06 Energy Crisis

Answer 17

Energy relations causing tension.
Ukraine is an important transit state.
Security of supply
Security of demand
Energy as FP stick