Chapter 15 - Anti-Personnel Landmine Ban (APLB)

Question 1

Convention of Certain Conventional Weapons (CCW)

Answer 1

Went into effect in 1983.

Restricting use of non-detectable fragments, booby traps, blinding lasers, etc.

Question 2

Context of APLB

Answer 2

Post-Cold War dynamic where state security was not the only important thing.
Human security important post-Bosnia/Rwanda.
Landmines used in WWII, Vietnam, Balkans

Question 3

Timeline

Answer 3

1983 - CCW goes into effect
1992 - NGOs form ICBL
1994 - Clinton endorses eventual end of landmines
1995 - Chretien agrees publicly
1996 - CCW is reviewed at the UN, but little progress was made
1996 - Canada hosts convention and challenges members to ban landmines in one year
1997 - Ottawa Treaty is signed by over 130 members, many powerful actors stay out

Question 4

Important Canadian Actors

Answer 4

Jean Chretien
Lloyd Axworthy
Paul Heinbecker: ADM Global Affairs - arms control division

Question 5

NGO Actors

Answer 5

Many who advocated for the ban

Now there are many who advocate for their better removal and stuff (some of these evolved from the former, some are new)

Question 6

American Actors

Answer 6

Bill Clinton - UN 1994
Stopped using landmines after 1991 Gulf War
Didn’t sign because of use at DMZ and for anti-tank stuff

Question 7

Other Important States

Answer 7

France - called for CCW review in 1996
Italy - ended manufacturing despite economic dependence
Norway, Sweden, and Belgium - called for total ban
Princess Diana - policy champion after Angola trip
China, Turkey, and India - didn’t sign

Question 8

Constructivism and APLB

Answer 8

It challenged power dynamics (Kinda turned on U.S. through multilateral institutions)
Challenged process (Heavy NGO presence, went outside UN)
Challenged ideas, framing (shift from national to human security, agenda-setting, bottom-up approach)

Question 9

RAM and APLB

Answer 9

Why did Italy do that if RAM is real?
Why did Canada care so much (could be backlash)?
Middle v Big Power - how does this affect what’s ‘rational’

Question 10

Governmental Policy Model

Answer 10

American agency disputes.

Many different interests fighting within states.

Question 11

Policy Champions

Answer 11

Princess Diana and Axworthy

Question 12

Possible Motivations for Canada

Answer 12

Stay relevant in foreign affairs after cutting peacekeepers without spending too much money (contracted a lot of NGOs)

Question 13

Cons to Ottawa Treaty

Answer 13

If they had used UN, it would be international law.

This treaty mostly based on peer pressure/shaming.