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Political Studies 368 > Chapter 1 - History and Evolution of FP > Flashcards

Chapter 1 - History and Evolution of FP Flashcards

1
Q

3 Kinds of Hegemons

A
  1. Global hegemon (U.S. between 1989 - mid 1990s)
  2. Regional Hegemons (China, EU, Brazil)
  3. Economic Hegemons (EU)
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2
Q

Two Things that Prompt Policy

A

Perception of an opportunity or a threat

Perceived by decision-makers

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3
Q

Foreign-Policy Executive

A

PM, Cabinet, bureaucrats

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4
Q

Inter-mestic Hourglass

A

The global sphere exists in the top, is filtered through the foreign policy executive to the domestic sphere.
Vice versa
Criticism - There are more actors than just the FP executives at this point

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5
Q

Intervening Variable

A

People or things that can affect your behaviour - imperfect transmission belt that makes one’s perception of threat or opportunity not lead ‘logically’ to the policy output

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6
Q

3 Paradoxes of FP

A
  1. The state is the only and primary actor, yet its role has fundamentally shifted
  2. All foreign policy is the same, yet unique
  3. FPA is IR theory, yet it is a middle-range FP theory
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7
Q

First Paradox of FP

A

The state is the only primary actor, yet its role has diminished/shifted.

  • The national interest is unitary and alone dictates state behaviour
  • FP has opened up to new actors (TNCs, IGOs, NGOs, etc.)
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8
Q

3 Goals of States (outdated)

A
  1. Maintaining security
  2. Maintaining prosperity
  3. Maintaining prestige
    Arguably that prestige has lost its influence. Starting in the Congress of Vienna in 1815, the powerful states did what they wanted.
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9
Q

Congress of Vienna

A

Congress in 1815 where Gaal hypothesizes that prestige as a form of power ended. Power became the primary consideration, 5 of the 8 (who were the strongest) alone decided what to do.
Prior to this, small nations with no power but prestige had considerable influence.

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10
Q

The Concert of Europe

A

An agreement to strictly keep the balance of power between 1815-1914.
Any actor that tried to mess with the balance would be attacked by all.

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11
Q

Interpretations of IGOs and Institutional Power

A 
Regime theorist (Keohane / Nye) - they have transcended state interest
HST (Gilpin) say they are just an extension
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12
Q

Example of economic power not resulting in structural power

A

India has huge economy, but because France has a seat on the UNSC, it has more structural power despite being smaller.

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13
Q

Paradox 2 of FP

A

All foreign policy is the same but unique

  • The one national interest exists through the macro lens. Domestic factors are irrelevant.
  • Each actor and context is unique. FP outcomes are unique according to the micro approach.
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14
Q

Question of Middle Range Theory

A

Question: How can past factors and present be combined not to be predictable but insightful

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15
Q

Paradox 3 of FP

A

FPA is IR theory but actually FPA is a middle-range FP theory

  • Abstract, theoretical views of the state that emphasizes structural forces. Agential focus.
  • FPA is generic framework to understand and analyze specific situations. Individual, national, regional, cultural, and identity can influence FP
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16
Q

Intended v Real Outcome in US Embassy in Jerusalem

A

Intended outcome: appealing to voter base
Actual outcome: base didn’t care that much
Threatened peace and threatened America’s role as arbitrator

17
Q

6 Steps to FP cycle

A
  1. Agenda Setting
  2. Policy Formulation
  3. Decision-making phase
  4. Implementation
  5. Evaluation
  6. Maintenance, Succession, Termination
18
Q

Agenda-Setting

A

Power in agenda setting

Difference between institutional and public agenda

19
Q

Policy Formulation

A

Input from as many people as people

Draft a few policies and look more closely

20
Q

Implementation

A

When the bureaucracy flexes its muscles, shows its influences.

21
Q

Evaluation

A

Actually happens at each stage

22
Q

3 Paradigmatic Works

A
  1. Richard Snyder - Decision-Making as an Approach to the Study of International Politics
  2. James Rosenau - Pre-Theories and Theories of FP
  3. Sprout couple - Man-Milieu Relationship Hypotheses in the Context of International Politics
23
Q

Richard Snyder - Decision Making as an Approach to the Study of International Politics

A
  1. Emphasis on FPDM
  2. Positivism - wanted to be able to predict events
  3. Multi-causal and interdisciplinary (conceded defeat in terms of positivism)
24
Q

James Rosenau -

Pre-Theories and Theories of FP

A
  1. Middle-range theory
  2. The need to integrate information from several levels of analysis
  3. Shows the debate on whether multi-level analysis is too complex to be helpful or whether it’s necessary to explain things
25
Q

Sprout Couple - Man-Milieu Relationship in the Context of International Politics

A
  1. Emphasized psychological, social, political contexts

2. How do individuals act as independent or intervening variables to effect outcomes

26
Q

Classic FPA Scholarship

A

(1954-1993)

  1. Focus on group decision making (groupthink and problem framing)
  2. Focus on organizational process and bureaucratic politics (SOPs)
27
Q

Groupthink

A

Asserts that decision making is a psychological process over a rational one

28
Q

Effects of Standard Operating Procedures (SOPs)

A
  1. Allow for little flexibility

2. Isn’t rational necessarily, but makes things manageable

29
Q

The Psychological and Societal Milieux of FPDM

A
  1. Individual Characteristics (actor-specific theory)
  2. National and society characteristics (Polity types)
  3. International system (Polarity, power distribution)
    - This was a rebuke of positivist, data-based assumptions of earlier FPA scholarship
30
Q

The Psychological and Societal Milieux of FPDM

A
  1. Individual Characteristics (actor-specific theory)
  2. National and society characteristics (Polity types)
  3. International system (Polarity, power distribution)
    - This was a rebuke of positivist, data-based assumptions of earlier FPA scholarship
31
Q

FPA Self-Reflection (HIPM)

A

Late 70s - 80s

  1. Historical analysis to be insightful
  2. Doesn’t explain why x did y, but what does x generally do historically?
  3. No conceptual or methodological tools
  4. Putnam’s Two-Level Game
  5. Introduction of middle-range theory
32
Q

Two-Level Game

A 
Robert Putnam 
1st level - international factors
2nd level - domestic factors
Nexus = FP executives 
Distinct from inter-mestic in that the two actually mix together and have impacts on one another
33
Q

Middle-Range Theory

A

A mix of grand theories and overly specific and contextualized for insight

34
Q

Contemporary Research Agenda of FPA (IAMMMP)

A
  1. Accept the impossibility of prediction
  2. Look below the state level and use actor-specific information
  3. Build middle-range theory as the interface between actor-general and real-world complexity
  4. Pursue multi-causal explanations
  5. Multidisciplinary
  6. Process of FPDM just as important as outputs
35
Q

Framing

A

An important part of the group level which can affect the 2nd level of the two-level game.
Very important in middle-range theory in that it creates narratives, applies to cultural binaries, highlights how many actors can pressure the system

36
Q

US vs European Research

A

US is quantitative and macro level while Europe is process tracing

37
Q

Neoclassical Realism

A

Unit level variables constrain or facilitate the ability of all types of states to respond to systemic imperatives

38
Q

Primary Levels of Analysis in FPA

A
  1. Cognitive Process
  2. Leader personality and orientation
  3. Small-group dynamics
  4. Interface of leader personality with small-group composition
  5. Organizational
  6. Bureaucratic Politics
  7. Culture and foreign policy
  8. Domestic political contestation
  9. National attributes and foreign policy
  10. Systemic effects on FP
39
Q

Classic FPA - Pt. 2 (Electric boogaloo)

A
  1. Small-group decision making
  2. Organizational process and bureaucratic politics
  3. Comparative foreign policy
  4. Psychological influences on FPDM
  5. Societal milieux (context)

Political Studies 368 (15 decks)

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