Chapter 23: Ideologies and Upheavals, 1815-1850

Question 1

Early socialists often drew inspiration from
A) the emergency measures of 1793 and 1794.
B) Oliver Cromwell’s rule of England as Lord Protector.
C) Thomas Malthus’s diagnosis of the problems of population growth.
D) Joseph Mazzini’s Duties of Man.
E) the writings of Karl Marx.

Answer 1

Ans: A

Question 2

At the Congress of Vienna, the victorious allies
A) were guided by the principle of the balance of power.
B) resurrected the Holy Roman Empire.
C) treated France very harshly.
D) established constitutional monarchies in the areas conquered by Napoleon.
E) sought to reduce armaments.

Answer 2

Ans: A

Question 3

The peace settlement arranged at Vienna in 1815 included all of the following except
A) Prussia was given extensive territories in the Rhineland.
B) acceptance of an enlarged France.
C) national self-determination.
D) numerous territorial exchanges to maintain equilibrium.
E) unification of Belgium and Holland under a single monarchy.

Answer 3

Ans: C

Question 4

28. The Holy Alliance included
    A) France and Britain. D) Spain, Austria, and Prussia.
    B) Russia, Greece, and Serbia. E) Austria, Russia, and Prussia.
    C) Mexico, Spain, and Austria.

Answer 4

Ans: E

Question 5

29. Austria and France intervened in Italy and Spain, respectively, in order to
    A) prevent foreign conquest of these countries.
    B) suppress liberal and nationalistic revolutions in both areas.
    C) enforce the compensation agreements agreed to at Vienna.
    D) divert attention from economic problems in Vienna and Paris.
    E) establish constitutional monarchies.

Answer 5

Ans: B

Question 6

30. The Carlsbad Decrees
    A) sparked the Revolutions of 1848.
    B) instituted repressive measures in the German Confederation.
    C) were the artistic manifesto of the Romantic movement.
    D) established a constitutional monarchy in France.
    E) established the Holy Alliance.

Answer 6

Ans: B

Question 7

Why did Klemens von Metternich, as Austrian foreign minister, have to oppose the
spread of nationalism in Europe?
A) As a classical liberal, he feared that it would lead to intolerance and violence.
B) Austria’s rulers feared the power of a resurgent nationalist Ottoman Empire.
C) Austria pursued a policy of free trade, which was incompatible with economic
nationalism.
D) Austria was a multiethnic empire, and the spread of nationalism among its
different ethnic groups threatened to dissolve the empire.
E) Above all, Metternich feared French nationalism.

Answer 7

Ans: D

Question 8

The demands of liberalism included all of the following except
A) social welfare reform.
B) representative government.
C) individual freedoms, such as freedom of speech, press, and assembly.
D) minimal government interference in the economy.
E) equality before the law.

Answer 8

Ans: A

Question 9

The success of the Revolution of 1830 was due primarily to
A) the shrewd political genius of Louis Philippe.
B) Lafayette’s unwavering leadership.
C) the revolutionary actions and leadership of the upper-middle-class liberals and
nationalists.
D) revolutionary actions of the artisans, shopkeepers, and workers of Paris.
E) the rebellion in the French countryside.

Answer 9

Ans: D

Question 10

In 1815 Napoleon escaped from the island of

A) Saint Helen. B) Elba. C) Sardinia. D) Corsica. E) Malta.

Answer 10

Ans: B

Question 11

According to the text, industrialization facilitated the spread of nationalism because
A) prominent industrialists financed many nationalist movements.
B) newly arrived workers in cities required a common national language with which
to communicate.
C) nationalists and industrialists both had an interest in promoting increased military
spending.
D) factory workers supported economic nationalism as a way to protect their jobs.
E) it led to the development of larger armies.

Answer 11

Ans: B

Question 12

Metternich was Austrian foreign minister from
A) 1809 to 1848. D) 1848 to 1870.
B) 1789 to 1815. E) 1812 to 1830.
C) 1830 to 1848.

Answer 12

Ans: A

Question 13

In their war of independence against the Ottoman Empire, the Greeks ultimately won the
support of
A) Austria, Prussia, and Russia. D) Great Britain, France, and Russia.
B) Austria. E) Great Britain.
C) the Netherlands and Great Britain.

Answer 13

Ans: D

Question 14

Early French socialists believed in all of the following except
A) economic planning.
B) helping and protecting the poor.
C) state ownership of property.
D) violent class warfare.
E) the disruptive nature of free market competition.

Answer 14

Ans: D

Question 15

Which French socialist participated in the provisional government formed in Paris after
the February 1848 abdication of King Louis Philippe?
A) Henri de Saint-Simon. D) Charles Fourier.
B) Joseph Proudhon. E) Karl Marx.
C) Louis Blanc.

Answer 15

Ans: C

Question 16

According to the text, one of Karl Marx’s most important criticisms of the French
utopian socialists was
A) that several of them were of noble birth.
B) that they were wrong to believe that a socialist society could be built without
industrialization.
C) that they underestimated the intelligence of the working classes.
D) that central economic planning was inefficient.
E) that their appeals to the wealthy to help the poor were naive.

Answer 16

Ans: E

Question 17

Karl Marx argued that socialism would be established
A) through electoral victories and control of legislatures.
B) by violent revolution.
C) by the cooperation of all classes to alleviate poverty and exploitation.
D) through the efforts of enlightened rulers.
E) by a gradual process of concentration of ownership of economic enterprises.

Answer 17

Ans: B

Question 18

The doctrine of laissez faire holds that there should be
A) government intervention in all aspects of the economy.
B) government intervention in industry, but not in agriculture.
C) as little government intervention in the economy as possible.
D) government intervention in agriculture, but not in industry.
E) state planning of the economy.

Answer 18

Ans: C

Question 19

According to Joseph Proudhon, property was
A) a natural right.
B) profit stolen from workers.
C) derived from labor invested in land and products.
D) a gift from God.
E) a sign of the owner’s virtue and conscientiousness.

Answer 19

Ans: B

Question 20

Germaine de Staël’s On Germany
A) urged French artists and writers to embrace German Romanticism.
B) warned of the danger of the “sentinel on the Rhine.”
C) called for the unification of Germany.
D) denounced the conservative repression led by Metternich.
E) urged French conquest of Germany.

Answer 20

Ans: A

Question 21

Count Henri de Saint-Simon believed that
A) the key to progress was proper social organization.
B) sexual freedom was a necessary component of political freedom.
C) society should return to seventeenth-century norms.
D) nature should be worshipped as a god.
E) ownership of private property was a crime.

Answer 21

Ans: A

Question 22

George Sand’s novel Lélia explored
A) the world of urban working women.
B) her life as a prostitute in Paris.
C) the role of a provincial wife and mother.
D) her own quest for sexual and personal freedom.
E) the difficulties of establishing oneself as a professional writer.

Answer 22

Ans: D

Question 23

Eugène Delacroix’s greatest masterpiece celebrated the
A) nobility of popular revolution.
B) sensuality of women.
C) transforming power of industrialization.
D) exoticism of the Romantic movement.
E) glory of Napoleon.

Answer 23

Ans: A

Question 24

Romanticism was, in part, a rejection of

A) realism. B) nationalism. C) naturalism. D) humanism. E) classicism.

Answer 24

Ans: E

Question 25

The revisions to the Corn Law in 1815 were intended to
A) ease the economic problems of the working classes.
B) promote free trade.
C) make England agriculturally selfsufficient.
D) protect the economic interests of the aristocracy.
E) drive French manufactured products off the English market.

Answer 25

Ans: D

Question 26

The beliefs and aspirations of the Romantics included all of the following except
A) a rejection of materialism.
B) emotional exuberance.
C) that personal fulfillment was the supreme purpose in life.
D) a spontaneity in life and art.
E) a rejection of nature.

Answer 26

Ans: E

Question 27

As a result of the English Reform Bill of 1832,
A) the Commons became the most important legislative body.
B) all males gained the right to vote.
C) the Tories emerged as the dominant political party.
D) the role of the monarch was reduced.
E) the Corn Laws were repealed.

Answer 27

Ans: A

Question 28

The Battle of Peterloo refers to the
A) last-gasp attempt of Napoleon I to retain his empire.
B) workingclass demonstration that was broken up by cavalry charges.
C) bloody repression of the Parisian workers during the Revolution of 1848.
D) victory of the Anti-Corn Law League.
E) parliamentary debates over laws to limit child labor.

Answer 28

Ans: B

Question 29

The repeal of the Corn Laws ushered in an era of
A) agricultural depression.
B) famine and economic depression.
C) free trade.
D) remarkable expansion of British agriculture.
E) unparalleled repression.

Answer 29

Ans: C

Question 30

The most important factor influencing the peaceful midcentury reforms in Great Britain
was
A) the fear of workingclass revolution.
B) the ideas of Karl Marx.
C) the outbreak of revolution on the continent.
D) the moderating influence of the monarch.
E) political competition between the aristocracy and the middle class.

Answer 30

Ans: E

Question 31

Marx’s theory of historical evolution was built on the philosophy of
A) Hegel. B) Kant. C) Locke. D) Blanc. E) Proudhon.

Answer 31

Ans: A

Question 32

The “winners” of the Revolution of 1830 in France were the
A) peasants. D) notables.
B) urban laboring poor. E) Protestants.
C) shopkeepers.

Answer 32

Ans: D

Question 33

All of the following were causative factors of the Revolution of 1848 in Paris except
A) rising grain prices.
B) high unemployment.
C) government refusal to consider electoral reform.
D) the closing of the national workshops.
E) corruption in King Louis Philippe’s government.

Answer 33

Ans: D

Question 34

The act that precipitated the Revolution of 1830 in Paris was
A) Charles X’s withdrawal of grain price controls.
B) Charles X’s refusal to extend the vote to all adult males.
C) Louis XVIII’s massing of troops outside Paris.
D) Charles X’s massing of troops outside Paris.
E) Charles X’s repudiation of the Constitutional Charter.

Answer 34

Ans: E

Question 35

In 1848, revolution in the Austrian Empire began in

A) Hungary. B) Vienna. C) Serbia. D) Bohemia. E) Bucharest.

Answer 35

Ans: A

Question 36

The Habsburg monarchy exploited \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ divisions to defeat the revolutionary
coalition.
A) class B) ethnic C) ideological D) personal E) economic

Answer 36

Ans: B

Question 37

After Austria, _________ was the most important German state.
A) Bohemia B) Prussia C) the Rhineland D) Saxony E) Alsace

Answer 37

Ans: B

Question 38

The National Assembly that met in Frankfurt in 1848 was made up of all of the
following except
A) labor union leaders. D) government officials.
B) lawyers. E) business leaders.
C) doctors.

Answer 38

Ans: A