CH 24

Question 1

In 1900, __________ Europe was the most urbanized area.
A) southern D) northeastern
B) southeastern E) northwestern
C) southwestern

Answer 1

Ans: D

Question 2

The term labor aristocracy in this text refers to
A) trade union leadership.
B) highly skilled workers and foremen.
C) Karl Marx’s concept of the dictatorship of the proletariat.
D) wealthy industrialists.
E) nobles who became involved in the socialist movement.

Answer 2

B

Question 3

Georges Haussmann is remembered for
A) developing the antiseptic method.
B) rebuilding Paris.
C) his realistic novels of lower-class life.
D) enunciation of the positivist philosophy.
E) pioneering the use of anesthesia.

Answer 3

B

Question 4

Improved economic conditions in the nineteenth century led to
A) more job opportunities for women outside the home.
B) more women remaining single.
C) the expectation that married women would not work outside the home.
D) a mass exodus of women from domestic service.
E) extension of the vote to women in much of Europe.

Answer 4

C

Question 5

Honoré de Balzac’s The Human Comedy
A) was a best-selling marriage manual.
B) described the role of religion in everyday life.
C) was a Romantic history of the Napoleonic era.
D) was a hundredvolume masterpiece of realism.
E) was an epic poem describing the life of King Louis XVI.

Answer 5

D

Question 6

According to the text, working-class leisure typically included all of the following
except
A) drinking in taverns. D) hosting dinner parties.
B) watching spectator sports. E) gambling.
C) attending music hall performances.

Answer 6

D

Question 7

Joseph Lister is responsible for the
A) development of the germ theory.
B) popularization of the miasmatic theory.
C) practice of antiseptic sterilization.
D) theory of genetics.
E) theory of the separation of powers.

Answer 7

C

Question 8

The common aspects that united the middle classes included all of the following except
A) keeping servants. D) a strict code of behavior.
B) commitment to frugal living. E) commitment to hard work.
C) belief in education.

Answer 8

B

Question 9

The decline in working-class church attendance has been attributed to all of the
following except
A) the influence of Auguste Comte’s writings.
B) a decline in religious belief and faith.
C) the growth of secularism and the vibrant, materialist urban environment.
D) the identification of organized religion with the ruling elites.
E) the fact that construction of churches in cities failed to keep up with growing
populations.

Answer 9

A

Question 10

Edwin Chadwick believed that
A) poverty was the result of lower-class immorality.
B) individuals were responsible for their economic success.
C) death and disease caused poverty.
D) Christian morals should be the basis of urban reform.
E) regulating the food-processing industry would rapidly reduce urban mortality
rates.

Answer 10

C

Question 11

The flaw in Jean-Baptiste Lamarck’s theory of evolution was
A) his assertion that characteristics parents acquired in the course of their lives could
be passed on to their offspring by heredity.
B) his denial that human beings had evolved from other primates.
C) his claim that genetic mutations were random.
D) his assertion that all forms of life had arisen through a long process of continuous
adjustment to the environment.
E) his assertion that God intervened to push evolution in the direction of greater
complexity.

Answer 11

A

Question 12

The breakthrough development of germ theory was the work of
A) Georges Haussmann. D) Robert Koch.
B) Louis Pasteur. E) Jean-Baptiste Lamarck.
C) Joseph Lister.

Answer 12

B

Question 13

Napoleon III believed that rebuilding Paris would lead to all of the following except
A) increased employment.
B) a more equitable division of wealth.
C) glorification of his empire.
D) improved living conditions.
E) greater control over revolutionary crowds.

Answer 13

B

Question 14

As the nineteenth century progressed, the upper middle class
A) tended to merge with the old aristocracy.
B) formed tighter bonds with the rest of the middle class.
C) expressed a high degree of social conscience.
D) retained its frugal attitudes.
E) increasingly turned toward socialism.

Answer 14

A

Question 15

Which of these events occurred last?
A) Italy is unified.
B) France and Prussia fight the Franco-Prussian War.
C) Austria and Prussia fight the Austro-Prussian War.
D) Dostoevski publishes The Brothers Karamazov.
E) Darwin publishes On the Origin of Species.

Answer 15

D

Question 16

The white-collar employees identified with the
A) clergy. D) aristocracy.
B) union movement. E) middle class.
C) working class.

Answer 16

E

Question 17

According to the text, one of the social functions of the “labor aristocracy’s” strict moral
code was
A) to convince the middle classes that they “belonged.”
B) to create a strong barrier against socialist influences.
C) to maintain their unstable social and economic position.
D) to prevent their children from joining the supposedly morally corrupt middle
classes.
E) to serve as an example to lower-paid unskilled workers.

Answer 17

C

Question 18

In the Balkans, white-collar workers (clerks, store managers, and so on) grew their
fingernails very long because
A) they were imitating fashion in the Ottoman capital of Istanbul.
B) they wished to separate themselves from those who worked with their hands.
C) long fingernails were thought to be a mark of good hygiene.
D) they could not afford nail clippers.
E) they viewed long nails as a sign of asceticism and hence saintliness.

Answer 18

B

Question 19

Ignorance and ______________ were most responsible for the poor conditions in early
industrial cities.
A) government indifference D) air pollution
B) poor hygiene E) the legacy of rural housing
conditions
C) an unhealthy water supply

Answer 19

E

Question 20

The decline in illegitimacy rates after 1850 was probably the result of
A) higher incidence of marriage for expectant mothers.
B) decreased premarital sexual activity.
C) urban renewal.
D) increased availability of contraception and abortion.
E) the increased influence of religion among the lower classes.

Answer 20

A

Question 21

My Secret Life describes
A) the harsh world of sweated industries.
B) the search for scientific discoveries.
C) the seamy, underground sex life of a Victorian rake.
D) the psychological stress created by the new, stifling family structure.
E) a bourgeois factory owner who worked as a common factory operative for a year.

Answer 21

C

Question 22

After 1850, husbands and wives, in the cities, were able to work together only in
A) factories. D) small-scale retail trade.
B) sweated industries. E) mines.
C) whitecollar jobs.

Answer 22

D

Question 23

According to the ____________ theory of disease, people contract disease when they
breathe the bad odors of decay.
A) miasmatic B) putrification C) degeneration D) effluvial E) Lister

Answer 23

A

Question 24

One positive aspect of the rigid separation of men and women was
A) that women were no longer exploited in sweated industries.
B) a decline in the rape and abuse of young women.
C) a larger role for women in managing the household.
D) the relative decline of prostitution.
E) the appearance of women doctors to care for women patients.

Answer 24

C

Question 25

Gustave Droz is cited for his
A) discoveries in the fields of biology.
B) Mr., Mrs., and Baby, a family manual.
C) leadership of the realist movement.
D) rebuilding of Paris.
E) advocacy of women's rights.

Answer 25

B

Question 26

The revolutionary reduction in the size of European families was in large part caused by
A) the family’s desire to improve its economic and social position.
B) the effectiveness and availability of birth control.
C) women wanting to pursue careers outside the home.
D) oppressive Victorian morality.
E) an epidemic of infertility related to environmental contamination.

Answer 26

A

Question 27

Working-class children probably were under less parental control than middle-class
children in the later nineteenth century because
A) socialist thinkers believed in allowing children more freedom.
B) rates of illegitimacy continued to rise among the working classes.
C) members of the working class attended church less often than members of the
middle class.
D) working-class children went to work and became independent earners earlier.
E) working-class women had to work outside the home.

Answer 27

D

Question 28

Generally, Freud postulated that
A) people were motivated by reason.
B) sexual desires are a minor component in people’s behavior.
C) human behavior is motivated by unconscious emotional needs.
D) heredity was the key factor in explaining incidences of mental illness.
E) human behavior had its origin in natural selection.

Answer 28

C

Question 29

In 1900, in almost every advanced country the richest 5 percent of the population
received about _________ percent of all national income.
A) 66 B) 25 C) 10 D) 50 E) 33

Answer 29

E

Question 30

Industrial and urban development made nineteenth-century society
A) less diverse and less unified. D) less diverse and more unified.
B) more diverse and less unified. E) more rigid and less open.
C) more diverse, but more unified.

Answer 30

B

Question 31

Comte believed that application of the positivist method would result in
A) discovery of the eternal laws of human behavior.
B) social revolution.
C) economic growth.
D) the establishment of socialism.
E) travel to other planets.

Answer 31

A

Question 32

The trait shared by Charles Lyell, Jean-Baptiste Lamarck, and Auguste Comte was
A) the evolutionary aspect of their theories.
B) that they were all French social reformers.
C) their rejection of positivist science.
D) their role in the biological revolution.
E) their faith in a divine purpose in history.

Answer 32

A

Question 33

The program followed by many middle-class feminists followed in the footsteps of
A) Laura Cereta. D) Franziska Tiburtius.
B) Christine de Pisan. E) Gustava Droz.
C) Mary Wollstonecraft.

Answer 33

C

Question 34

In the late nineteenth century, masturbation was
A) viewed with horror.
B) seen as a normal part of adolescence.
C) considered unhealthy for women, but normal for men.
D) considered unhealthy for men, but normal for women.
E) promoted as an alternative to premarital sex.

Answer 34

A

Question 35

According to the text, realist writers fit within the late-nineteenth-century glorification
of science because they
A) generally made the heroes of their novels scientists.
B) turned toward science fiction.
C) denied the importance of emotion in determining human action.
D) were generally optimistic.
E) attempted to observe and record life in an “objective” manner.

Answer 35

E

Question 36

America also produced realist writers, including the author of Sister Carrie,
A) George Eliot. D) Theodore Dreiser.
B) Leo Tolstoy. E) Thomas Pynchon.
C) Gustave Droz.

Answer 36

D

Question 37

The discoveries of Michael Faraday in ___________ led to the development of a host of
important inventions.
A) electromagnetism D) inorganic chemistry
B) organic chemistry E) genetics
C) thermodynamics

Answer 37

A

Question 38

__________’s sympathy with socialism is evident in the novel Germinal.
A) Tolstoy B) Zola C) Dreiser D) Flaubert E) Eliot

Answer 38

B