Chapter 22: Industrial Revolution

Question 1

Which of the following events occurred first?
A) Watt invented modern steam engine.
B) Combination Acts passed.
C) Mines Act passed.
D) Great exposition held at Crystal Palace.
E) Malthus published Essay on the Principle of Population.

Answer 1

Ans: A

Question 2

28. British economist Thomas Malthus argued that
    A) population pressure would always force wages down to subsistence levels.
    B) using young children in factories was immoral.
    C) population always grew faster than the food supply.
    D) the standard of living was a reflection of industrial capacity.
    E) Methodism was a key factor in keeping the working class from revolting.

Answer 2

Ans: C

Question 3

29. Richard Arkwright is best known for his invention of
    A) the flying shuttle. D) the water frame.
    B) the first modern railroad engine. E) the spinning jenny.
    C) an improved steam engine.

Answer 3

Ans: D

Question 4

30. In the eighteenth century, a shortage of __________ held British industry back.
    A) coal B) water C) wood D) iron E) steel

Answer 4

Ans: C

Question 5

31. The trains of the 1830s traveled at about ________ miles per hour.
    A) sixteen B) twenty-two C) thirty-five D) fifty E) sixty

Answer 5

Ans: A

Question 6

32. The tendency to hire family units in the early factories was
    A) originally a government-sponsored response to urbanization.
    B) usually a response to the wishes of the families.
    C) replaced by the system of pauper apprenticeship.
    D) outlawed by the Combination Acts.
    E) highly inefficient.

Answer 6

Ans: B

Question 7

33. Early textile factories in Britain worked with

A) cotton. B) flax. C) silk. D) hemp. E) wool.

Answer 7

Ans: A

Question 8

34. The first modern factories arose in the
    A) furnituremaking industry. D) railroad industry.
    B) steel industry. E) chemical industry.
    C) textile industry.

Answer 8

Ans: C

Question 9

35. All of the following were consequences of revolutionary changes in the textile industry
    except
    A) cheaper cotton goods.
    B) a dramatic increase in weavers’ wages.
    C) the movement of large numbers of agricultural workers into the industry.
    D) a reduction in child labor.
    E) easier access to yarn for handloom weavers.

Answer 9

Ans: D

Question 10

36. All of the following facilitated the Industrial Revolution in eighteenth-century Britain
    except
    A) the existence of extensive colonial markets for manufactured goods.
    B) extensive investment of foreign capital in Britain.
    C) the network of canals constructed from the 1770s.
    D) large deposits of iron and coal in England and Wales.
    E) a prosperous and efficient agriculture.

Answer 10

Ans: B

Question 11

37. The earliest steam engines were
    A) used to pump water out of coal mines.
    B) developed by James Watt.
    C) those used to propel locomotives.
    D) used as central power sources for the new factories.
    E) used to run mechanical spinning jennies.

Answer 11

Ans: A

Question 12

38. The difficulties faced by the continental economies in their efforts to compete with the
    British included all of the following except the
    A) low prices of British mass-produced goods.
    B) complexity and expense of the new technology.
    C) resistance of landowning elites.
    D) scarcity of human capital.
    E) devastation left by the Napoleonic wars.

Answer 12

Ans: D

Question 13

39. Because working conditions were poor in early textile factories
    A) factory owners paid people well to work in them.
    B) factory owners turned to orphaned children as an important part of their
    workforce.
    C) factory owners turned to African slaves as an important part their workforce.
    D) factory owners turned to Irish immigrants as an important part their workforce.
    E) factory owners turned to peasant women as an important part their workforce.

Answer 13

Ans: B

Question 14

40. The major breakthrough in energy and power supplies that catalyzed the Industrial
    Revolution was
    A) Thomas Newcomen’s 1705 steam engine.
    B) The development of the internal combustion engine.
    C) The use of running water to power cotton-spinning machinery.
    D) James Watt’s steam engine, developed and marketed between the 1760s and the
    1780s.
    E) Sir Isaac Newton’s discovery of the law of action and reaction.

Answer 14

Ans: D

Question 15

41. James Watt solved the inefficiency problems of early steam engines by
    A) increasing the size of the engines. B) adding a separate condenser.
    C) using a better grade of coal for fuel. D) using accurate, precision parts.
    E) uniting the combustion chamber with the piston cylinder.

Answer 15

Ans: B

Question 16

42. According to the text, the world’s first important railroad, completed in 1830, ran
    between
    A) Baltimore and Washington, D.C. D) Liverpool and Manchester. B) London and
    Edinburgh. E) Paris and Bordeaux.
    C) Moscow and St. Petersburg.

Answer 16

Ans: D

Question 17

43. By reducing the cost of overland freight, the railroad
    A) created national markets.
    B) reduced the volume of world trade.
    C) strengthened regional economies.
    D) strengthened rural cottage industry.
    E) drove the British merchant marine out of business.

Answer 17

Ans: A

Question 18

44. The men who built the European railroads were typically
    A) slaves imported from Africa. D) urban factory workers.
    B) army soldiers. E) Slavs hired from eastern Europe.
    C) rural laborers and peasants.

Answer 18

Ans: C

Question 19

45. The Crystal Palace exhibition of 1851 commemorated the
    A) industrial dominance of Britain.
    B) half-century of labor reforms in Britain.
    C) creation of the German Zollverein.
    D) Battle of Waterloo.
    E) launching of the Great Eastern.

Answer 19

Ans: A

Question 20

According to the table “Per Capita Levels of Industrialization,” which countries were
closest behind Britain in industrialization in the first half of the nineteenth century?

Answer 20

Ans: E

Question 21

47. William Cockerill was
    A) the inventor of the spinning jenny.
    B) the chief financial backer of the first commercial railway in England. C) an English
    carpenter who built cotton-spinning equipment in Belgium. D) the prime minister of Britain who
    opposed the Factory Act of 1833.
    E) the British general at Waterloo.

Answer 21

Ans: C

Question 22

48. David Ricardo formulated the
    A) wage-price index. D) principle of population. B)
    population-poverty index. E) iron law of wages.
    C) theory of positive checks.

Answer 22

Ans: E

Question 22

49. Friedrich List was an early proponent of
    A) economic liberalism. D) economic nationalism.
    B) working-class unions. E) state ownership of the economy. C)
    factory regulation and reform.

Answer 22

Ans: D

Question 23

50. The key development that allowed continental banks to shed their earlier conservative
    nature was the
    A) industrialization of the continent.
    B) establishment of limited liability investment.
    C) replacement of the old managers with young, aggressive investment bankers. D)
    recruitment of bank deposits from the landed aristocracy.
    E) influx of British investment.

Answer 23

Ans: B

Question 24

51. ______________ managed to raise per capita industrial levels in the nineteenth
    century.
    A) Only Britain D) Only Britain and Germany
    B) Only Britain, France, and Germany E) All European states
    C) Only Britain, Germany, and Belgium

Answer 24

Ans: E

Question 25

52. In The Condition of the Working Class in England, Friedrich Engels stated that
    A) the social problems in Britain were not a product of the Industrial Revolution.
    B) the British middle classes were guilty of “mass murder” and “wholesale robbery.” C) in
    general, the living conditions of the working class were slowly improving.
    D) the class consciousness of the working class would lead to social revolution. E) the
    working class was itself responsible for most of the problems its members
    faced.

Answer 25

Ans: B

Question 26

53. The greatest change workers faced with the shift from cottage industry to factory work
    was
    A) lower wages. D) a new tempo and discipline. B)
    harder work. E) repetitive work.
    C) the destruction of familyunit labor.

Answer 26

Ans: D

Question 27

54. Scholarly statistical studies of the condition of members of the British working class
    indicate that
    A) their standard of living improved steadily from the beginning of industrialization. B)
    improvement did not come until the period after 1820.
    C) the standard of living for British workers deteriorated throughout the nineteenth century.
    D) only skilled workers enjoyed improvements in their standard of living.
    E) the Industrial Revolution made little difference in the living standards of the
    working class.

Answer 27

Ans: B

Question 28

55. Most early industrialists drew on for labor and capital.
    A) family and friends D) the investing public
    B) national banks E) government investment
    C) government loans

Answer 28

Ans: A

Question 29

56. The Factory Act of 1833
    A) outlawed employment of children under thirteen.
    B) limited the workday for children between six and nine to four hours a day.
    C) limited the workday for children between nine and thirteen to eight hours a day. D)
    limited the workday for children under sixteen to eight hours a day.
    E) established lower pay scales for children under sixteen.

Answer 29

Ans: C

Question 30

57. Scholarly debate about the origins of the sexual division of labor during the Industrial
    Revolution revolves around
    A) arguments ascribing the division to ingrained patriarchal traditions versus those ascribing
    it to economic and biological factors.
    B) arguments ascribing the division to traditional religious mores versus those ascribing it to
    owners’ desire to hire adult males.
    C) arguments ascribing the division to the Factory Act of 1833 versus those ascribing it to the
    Combinations Act of 1799.
    D) arguments ascribing the division to the return of soldiers to Britain at the end of the
    Napoleonic wars versus those ascribing it to women’s desire to be at home rearing their children.
    E) arguments ascribing the division to early socialist ideas versus arguments
    ascribing it to traditional religious mores.

Answer 30

Ans: A

Question 31

58. The law which outlawed labor unions and strikes in Britain was the
    A) Factory Act of 1833. D) Combination Acts of 1799. B)
    Mines Act of 1842. E) Reform Law of 1848.
    C) Coercive Acts of 1766.

Answer 31

Ans: D

Question 32

59. The key demand of the Chartist movement was
    A) that all men have the right to vote.
    B) an eighthour workday and a minimum wage.
    C) a ban on women and children working in the factories. D) repeal of the Combination Acts.
    E) freedom of religion.

Answer 32

Ans: A

Question 33

60. The Mines Act of 1842
    A) prohibited underground work for women.
    B) prohibited underground work for women as well as boys under ten. C) prohibited
    underground work for boys under ten.
    D) prohibited underground work for boys under sixteen. E) established new safety rules for
    underground work.

Answer 33

Ans: B

Question 34

Railroad construction on the continent
A) was much cheaper than it had been in Britain.
B) featured varying degrees of government involvement. C) was generally the work of private
entrepreneurs.
D) generally followed the British pattern.
E) was actually ahead of British railroad construction.

Answer 34

Ans: B

Question 35

62. The Amalgamated Society of Engineers represented
    A) all factory workers. D) construction specialists.
    B) railway operators. E) factory owners.
    C) skilled machinists.

Answer 35

Ans: C

Question 36

63. In the 1760s, Monday was popularly known as because so many workers
    took the day off.
    A) holi-day. D) Saint Monday
    B) Idle Monday E) Rest Day
    C) Lazy Monday

Answer 36

Ans: D

Question 37

ESSAY #1: Technological innovation played a critical role in the industrial development of Britain.
Assess the impact of technology on the British economy by examining innovations in textile production.

Answer 37

Essays should begin by identifying the need for technological innovation: the production bottlenecks in the cottage system and the inability to keep up with rising demand, for example. Following this, there should be a narrative of the technological innovations, with references to the specific inventions and their practical applications: Hargreaves, Arkwright, and Crompton should all be included, as should Watt. Next, students should assess the impact of this technology on the productivity of the British textile industry and what this meant for subsequent growth (in textiles and other industries) and competition with other economies. Then, the impact on the workforce should be fully assessed; this assessment should be sure to address the proletarianization of artisanal workers and the urbanization of rural workers. There should also be a discussion of the increased role of factory discipline. Finally, students should attempt to generalize
about the British economy, based on the assessment of the textile industry.

Question 38

Britain was the first industrial nation. Why?

Answer 38

The essay should begin with a thorough description of contributing factors, including the physical environment (the importance of water transport should be stressed), the impact of the Agricultural Revolution (which should be emphasized), the Atlantic economy, cottage industry, government stability and positive attitude toward commercial and industrial expansion, unified national market, capitalistic spirit, human capital in terms of labor and technological innovators, and credit facilities and instruments (such as the Bank of England
and limited liability). Following this descriptive section, the student should identify those
factors unique to Britain. Finally, students should decide which factor was most important, and justify this decision.

Question 39

Britain was the first industrial nation. Why?

Answer 39

The essay should begin with a thorough description of contributing factors, including the physical environment (the importance of water transport should be stressed), the impact of the Agricultural Revolution (which should be emphasized), the Atlantic economy, cottage industry, government stability and positive attitude toward commercial and industrial expansion, unified national market, capitalistic spirit, human capital in terms of labor and technological innovators, and credit facilities and instruments (such as the Bank of England
and limited liability). Following this descriptive section, the student should identify those
factors unique to Britain. Finally, students should decide which factor was most important, and justify this decision.

Question 40

Explain how available forms of credit catalyzed or inhibited the Industrial Revolution in different countries.

Answer 40

Ans: This essay might begin with a comparison of mid-eighteenth-century England with mid-eighteenth-century France. Britain had an effective central bank, the Bank of England, while France did not. The essayist ought to explain how state guarantees of debt and private bonds facilitated the construction of railroads in Prussia and France. Also important is the creation of limited liability corporate banks, first in Belgium in the 1830s and later in France and Germany.