CH 29

Question 1

The most impressive accomplishments of Stalin’s five-year plans occurred in
A) collectivized agriculture. D) foreign trade.
B) heavy industry. E) foreign investment.
C) consumer industry.

Answer 1

B

Question 2

The strategic decision that most epitomized Hitler’s violent and unlimited ambitions was
the
A) invasion of the Soviet Union.
B) offensive into the eastern Mediterranean.
C) declaration of war against the United States.
D) bombing of British cities during the Battle of Britain.
E) occupation of the Rhineland.

Answer 2

A

Question 3

Hitler’s Mein Kampf included all of the following basic themes except
A) living space.
B) land reform.
C) race.
D) the leaderdictator.
E) the masses were driven by fanaticism, not by knowledge.

Answer 3

B

Question 4

The Nuremberg Laws
A) outlawed private property in the Soviet Union.
B) established the parallel government/party structure of Nazi Germany.
C) deprived German Jews of their rights of citizenship.
D) attempted to implement Hitler’s promises of “work and bread.”
E) established “reservations” for Jews on German territory.

Answer 4

C

Question 5

The first German act of aggression that could not be justified by selfdetermination was
the
A) annexation of Austria.
B) occupation of the non-ethnically German areas of Czechoslovakia.
C) invasion of Poland.
D) remilitarization of the Rhineland.
E) invasion of Denmark.

Answer 5

A

Question 6

The regimes of Nazi Germany, fascist Italy, and the Stalinist Soviet Union all shared a
A) complete rejection of private property.
B) violently racist ideology.
C) goal of complete economic transformation.
D) respect for the independence of established churches.
E) profound hatred of Western liberalism.

Answer 6

E

Question 7

How did real wages for workers and peasants in the Soviet Union in 1937 compare with
those in the Russian empire in 1913?
A) They were far higher.
B) They were marginally higher.
C) They were lower.
D) They were approximately the same.
E) Available data do not allow comparison.

Answer 7

C

Question 8

Mussolini was expelled from the Italian Socialist Party
A) for plotting to assassinate its leader.
B) for denying the necessity of violent revolution to establish a worker dictatorship.
C) for working as a secret government informer.
D) for anti-Semitism.
E) for urging Italian entry into World War I.

Answer 8

E

Question 9

Which of the following events occurred first?
A) Mussolini seizes power in Italy.
B) Stalin launches first five-year plan.
C) Collectivization starts in the Soviet Union.
D) Hitler appointed chancellor in Germany.
E) Lateran Agreement signed.

Answer 9

A

Question 10

The newer comparative studies of fascism identify all of the following as shared
characteristics except
A) alliance with working-class movements.
B) extreme, expansionist nationalism.
C) a dynamic and violent leader.
D) glorification of war and the military.
E) alliance with powerful capitalists and landowners.

Answer 10

A

Question 11

The Grand Alliance was cemented by all of the following policies except
A) a commitment to unconditional surrender.
B) U.S. adoption of the “Europe first” principle.
C) postponement of a discussion of the eventual peace settlement.
D) the decision to exclude France from the Alliance.
E) the promise of huge U.S. aid to Britain and the Soviet Union.

Answer 11

D

Question 12

In the early 1930s German chancellor Bruning tried to cope with the Great Depression
by
A) spending large amounts on public works projects.
B) cutting government spending and squeezing down wages and prices.
C) repudiating the Treaty of Versailles and drastic increases in military spending.
D) enacting new welfare measures.
E) instituting free trade policies to attract foreign investment.

Answer 12

B

Question 13

Lenin’s New Economic Policy was a political compromise with the
A) urban workers. D) foreign capitalists.
B) Russian peasants. E) Russian intelligentsia.
C) White counterrevolutionaries.

Answer 13

B

Question 14

The Lateran Agreement indicated that Mussolini had the support of
A) the pope and the Catholic church. D) fascist Spain.
B) Italian labor unions. E) the Greek government.
C) Nazi Germany.

Answer 14

A

Question 15

The term Final Solution refers to
A) Stalin’s industrialization drive.
B) the Allies’ demand that Germany had to surrender unconditionally.
C) Hitler’s suicide as Soviet troops stormed Berlin.
D) the attempted extermination of European Jews by the Nazis.
E) Hitler’s invasion of the Soviet Union.

Answer 15

D

Question 16

The Nazi-Soviet Nonaggression Pact
A) allied Germany and the Soviet Union against Britain and France.
B) engaged Germany and the Soviet Union to defend one another should either be
attacked.
C) stated that Germany and the Soviet Union foreswore any further acts of aggression
against sovereign states.
D) stated that if either side became involved in war, the other would remain neutral,
and included a secret agreement to divide up Yugoslavia.
E) stated that if either side became involved in war, the other would remain neutral,
and included a secret clause dividing up eastern Europe.

Answer 16

E

Question 17

Hitler’s popularity was based on all of the following except
A) his establishment of equality for women.
B) growing profits for business.
C) the perception of greater equality and social mobility for all Germans.
D) his successes in foreign policy.
E) high employment and rising real wages.

Answer 17

A

Question 18

In the Battle of Britain (1940)
A) the German air force sought to win control of the air over Britain.
B) the German army landed troops on the south coast of England.
C) the German navy attempted to wrest control of the English Channel from the
British.
D) Hitler tried to break civilian morale in Britain with radio broadcasts and leaflet
drops.
E) British labor unions protested continuation of the war.

Answer 18

A

Question 19

Which of the following events occurred last?
A) Mussolini seizes power in Italy.
B) Stalin launches first five-year plan.
C) Collectivization starts in the Soviet Union.
D) Hitler appointed chancellor in Germany.
E) Lateran Agreement signed.

Answer 19

D

Question 20

In Stalin’s Soviet Union, women
A) were relegated to agricultural and domestic labor.
B) were urged to liberate themselves sexually.
C) shared family duties equally with men.
D) were able to pursue professional careers.
E) lost the right to vote.

Answer 20

D

Question 21

By spring __________, the Bolsheviks had won the civil war.

A) 1921 B) 1919 C) 1925 D) 1926 E) 1928

Answer 21

A

Question 22

Marshal Henri-Philippe Pétain
A) commanded the French armies in the spring of 1940.
B) commenced French rearmament when he became premier in 1938.
C) led the Popular Front government in France in 1937.
D) was a French general who deserted to the Nazis during their invasion of France.
E) headed the Vichy French government that made peace with the Nazis.

Answer 22

E

Question 23

Early writers on totalitarianism such as Elie Halévy
A) asserted that all totalitarian states were closely related.
B) stressed the differences between fascism and communism.
C) argued that fascism was a tool of powerful capitalists.
D) stressed the differences in the historical patterns of fascist states.
E) celebrated conservative authoritarianism.

Answer 23

A

Question 24

According to historian Daniel Goldhagen, most Germans
A) detested the anti-Semitic policies of the Nazi party.
B) greeted the outbreak of war with resignation.
C) were Hitler’s willing accomplices in the Final Solution.
D) were indifferent to the Holocaust.
E) feared Bolshevism above all.

Answer 24

C

Question 25

Stalin’s theory of “socialism in one country”
A) was originally proposed by Leon Trotsky.
B) argued that the Soviet Union could build socialism on its own.
C) maintained that the success of socialism depended on world revolution.
D) was rejected by the Communist party.
E) proposed that the Soviet Union should give up trying to catalyze the world
proletarian revolution.

Answer 25

B

Question 26

One example of the successful resistance of Russian peasants to collectivization was
A) Stalin’s decision to limit the extent of collectivization.
B) de-kulakization.
C) grudgingly tolerated family plots.
D) their control of the Siberian grain and raw materials sectors of the Soviet
economy.
E) the restoration of their rights to move freely without carrying passports in 1935.

Answer 26

C

Question 27

Among the objectives of Stalin’s first Five-Year Plan were all of the following except
A) to stamp out the small-scale private enterprise tolerated under the NEP.
B) to catch up with the advanced capitalist countries in industrial and military power.
C) to squeeze out of the peasants the capital needed for industrialization.
D) to Russify the ethnic minority groups in the U.S.S.R.
E) to prevent the growth of an independent class of “capitalist” peasants.

Answer 27

D

Question 28

All of the following were factors in the success of Stalin’s industrialization drive except
A) a sharp decrease in domestic consumption.
B) the skill of Soviet economists.
C) extensive labor discipline.
D) the use of foreign experts.
E) the crushing of independent labor unions.

Answer 28

B

Question 29

The parliamentary government in Italy was breaking down at the time of the Fascist
march on Rome in October 1922 largely because
A) socialist workers were seizing control of factories.
B) of the violence perpetrated by Mussolini’s own black-shirted militants.
C) of mass unemployment.
D) of mutinies in the Italian fleet.
E) of the general strike against the government declared by the Catholic church.

Answer 29

B

Question 30

One of the most important consequences of the Great Purges was the
A) creation of a new generation of communists loyal to Stalin.
B) destruction of the Red Army’s ability to fight.
C) elimination of foreign spies and saboteurs.
D) decline in the international scope of the communist movement.
E) rise of significant sympathy for Nazi Germany inside the U.S.S.R.

Answer 30

A

Question 31

Stalin ordered the liquidation of the kulaks, the _____________, in 1929.
A) small shopkeepers D) army officers
B) descendants of the Cossacks E) better-off peasants
C) lower middle class

Answer 31

E

Question 32

Hitler’s promise to create “national socialism,” a path between capitalism and
communism was directed primarily at
A) the army officer corps. D) urban workers.
B) the middle and lower-middle classes. E) the intelligentsia.
C) big business.

Answer 32

B

Question 33

Hitler acquired absolute dictatorial powers, through the Enabling Act, as a result of
A) the Reichstag fire and dirty politicking.
B) a wave of strikes by German labor unions.
C) the remilitarization of the Rhineland.
D) the assassination of a German diplomat by a Jew.
E) the election of 1932.

Answer 33

A

Question 34

Under Stalin, Soviet workers had all of the following except
A) free education D) free medical service
B) abundant housing E) day-care centers for children
C) old-age pensions

Answer 34

B

Question 35

By 1950, __________ percent of all doctors in the Soviet Union were women.
A) 20 B) 10 C) 40 D) 75 E) 90

Answer 35

D

Question 36

Mussolini’s ____________ used street violence as a tool for creating chaos and disorder.
A) Black Shirts D) White Shirts
B) Brown Shirts E) Black Hats
C) Red Shirts

Answer 36

A

Question 37

Britain and France finally confronted Hitler with the threat of war when he
A) remilitarized the Rhineland.
B) occupied Austria.
C) took the Sudetenland from Czechoslovakia.
D) invaded Norway.
E) used the pretext of German minorities in Danzig to threaten Poland.

Answer 37

E

Question 38

According to Hitler's New Order, the European “race” that was next to the Jews on
Hitler's scale of subhumans was the
A) Latin race. D) Anglo-Saxon race.
B) Slavic race. E) Magyar race.
C) Nordic race.

Answer 38

B

Question 39

By 1945, Hitler and his Nazis had murdered
A) 600,000 Jews. D) 6 million Jews.
B) 1 million Jews. E) 20 million Jews.
C) 2 million Jews.

Answer 39

D

Question 40

By the end of _____________, Italy was a one-party dictatorship under Mussolini’s
control.
A) 1926 B) 1922 C) 1930 D) 1929 E) 1924

Answer 40

A

Question 41

In Vienna, Hitler learned important political lessons from the city’s mayor,
A) Max Luddendorf. D) Rolf Hess.
B) Frederick Listoff. E) Otto Presser.
C) Karl Lueger.

Answer 41

C

Question 42

Heinrich Himmler was the leader of the

A) Luftwaffe. B) Wehrmacht. C) Gestapo. D) SA. E) SS.

Answer 42

E