Chapter 22 terms

Question 1

Industrial Revolution

Answer 1

dramatic innovations in manufacturing, mining, transportation, and communication

Question 2

Agricultural Revolution

Answer 2

change in farming that increased output

Question 3

Josiah Wedgewood

Answer 3

invented the pyrometer, which measured the extremely high temperatures found in kilns during the firing of pottery

Question 4

mass production

Answer 4

making many identical items by breaking the process into simple, repetitive tasks

Question 5

division of labor

Answer 5

dividing the production process into highly specialized and repetitive tasks

Question 6

mechanization

Answer 6

use of machines to do work previously done by hand

Question 7

Richard Arkwright

Answer 7

invented the water frame

Question 8

Crystal Palace

Answer 8

huge greenhouse made entirely of iron and glass and large enough to enclose huge trees

Question 9

steam engine

Answer 9

first machine to transform fossil fuel into mechanical energy

Question 10

James Watt

Answer 10

invented a better steam engine

Question 11

Electric telegraph

Answer 11

communication method using electric signals

Question 12

business cycles

Answer 12

recurrent wings from economic hard times to recovery and growth and back

Question 13

laissez-faire

Answer 13

“Let them do” economic belief advocating that the government refrain from interfering in business except to protect private property

Question 14

mercantilism

Answer 14

economic theory stating that governments should regulate trade in order to maximize their stash of gold

Question 15

positivism

Answer 15

a belief that the scientific method could solve social as well as economic problems

Question 16

utopian socialism

Answer 16

ideal society where groups of workers lived and worked together in harmony