Chapter 16 terms

Question 1

Renaissance

Answer 1

scholarly and artistic revival in Europe

Question 2

papacy

Answer 2

central government of the Catholic church

Question 3

indulgence

Answer 3

forgiveness of the punishment due for past sins

Question 4

Protestant Reformation

Answer 4

calls for reform in the Catholic church that led to the split between Protestants and Catholics

Question 5

Catholic Reformation

Answer 5

response to the Protestant Reformation that led to reforms within the Catholic church

Question 6

witch hunts

Answer 6

the pursuit and persecution of people (especially single women) suspected of worshiping the devil.

Question 7

Scientific Revolution

Answer 7

changes in scientific thinking that demonstrated that the workings of the universe could be explained by natural causes

Question 8

Enlightenment

Answer 8

belief that human reason could discover the laws that governed social behavior

Question 9

bourgeoisie

Answer 9

urban manufacturing and merchant class

Question 10

joint-stock companies

Answer 10

companies owned by the government and owners together for the purposes of exploration

Question 11

stock exchanges

Answer 11

place where investors could buy and sell shares in specialized financial markets

Question 12

gentry

Answer 12

wealthy bourgeoisie who retired from their business and bought country estates

Question 13

Little Ice Age

Answer 13

century of cooling that dramatically affected European agriculture

Question 14

deforestation

Answer 14

consuming all available wood fuel

Question 15

Holy Roman Empire

Answer 15

group of loosely confederated German states under the control of the pope

Question 16

Hapsburgs

Answer 16

ruling family in Austria

Question 17

English Civil War

Answer 17

fight between Parliament and the king over the extent of the king’s power

Question 18

balance of power

Answer 18

temporary alliances formed between European states to prevent any one state from becoming too powerful