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ANP 1105 > Chapter 22 - respiratory system pt2 > Flashcards

Chapter 22 - respiratory system pt2 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 2 phases in pulmonary ventilation?

A
  • inspiration (air in)
  • expiration (air out)
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2
Q

What is atmospheric pressure (Patm)?

A
  • pressure exerted by air (gases) surrounding the body
  • at sea level, Patm=760 mmHg or 1 atmosphere
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3
Q

what is the difference between positive, negative and neutral respiratory pressure?

A

(+) - respiratory pressure greater than Patm
(-) - respiratory pressure less than Patm (ex. -4mmHg=756 mmHg)
(+/-) - respiratory pressure is equal to Patm

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4
Q

What is intrapulmonary pressure (Ppul)/ intra-alveolar?

A

pressure in the alveoli
- fluctuates during breathing, but equalizes with Patm to end each phases of breathing - inspiration and expiration

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5
Q

What is the intrapleural pressure (Pip) and why is it always negative?

A

the pressure in pleural cavity
- fluctuates with breating, but always negative (<Patm) - 4mmHg less than Ppul
- opposing force try to pull visceral and parietal pleurae apart

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6
Q

What is the importance of the surface tension of the alveolar fluid?

A

attraction between water draws alveolar walls inwards, acting to shrink alveoli to smallest size possible

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7
Q

What way does the chest walls pull the thoracic wall (parietal pleura)?

A

outward

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8
Q

What is the function of surface tension of pleural fluid and how is it removed?

A

helps secure layers of pleura together
- fluid level must be kept at a minimum, excess removed by lymphatic system
- if fluid builds, Pip pressure is positive

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9
Q

What is transpulmonary pressure?

A

the difference between intrapulmonary and intrapleural pressure (Ppul-Pip)
- this pressure keeps lungs from collapsing
- size of lung is determined by transpulmonary pressure

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10
Q

What will happen if the transpulmonary pressure equalizes and why is it important to keep the Pip negative?

A
  • the lung will collapse
  • to keep he lungs inflated
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11
Q

What does volume change effect?

A

leads to pressure change, and pressure changes lead to the flow of gases to equalize the pressure

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12
Q

What is Boyle’s law, how does it affect air flow in the lungs, and what is the equation?

A

relationship between pressure and volume of a gas
- high pressure = air moves out
- low pressure = air moves in
- P1V1=P2V2

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13
Q

Hoe does normal quiet inspiration affect lung volume and air flow?

A

thoracic volume increases by 500ml until it reaches Ppul=Patm
- Ppul decreases to -1mmHg (Ppul<Patm)
- Pip falls to -6mmHg

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14
Q

What are the 5 steps to inhalation?

A
  1. inspiratory muscles contract
  2. the thoracic cavity volume increases
  3. the lugs stretch, increasing the intrapulmonary volume
  4. intrapulmonary pressure drops
  5. air flows into lungs, down the pressure gradient
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15
Q

what is expiration during quiet expiration (a passive process)?

A

inspiratory muscles relax and thoracic cavity volume decreases (-500ml) as the lungs recoil
- air flows out until Ppul=Patm

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16
Q

What is forced expiration (active process)?

A

abdominal wall muscles to increase intra-abdominal pressure (diaphragm up) and pulls the ribs in (depression)
- internal intercoastal muscles to assist in depression

17
Q

What is nonpreparatory air movement?

A

other processes move air into or out of lungs, altering respiratory rhythm
- voluntary or reflexive (like sneezing/ hiccup)

18
Q

What are the 5 steps of breathing out?

A
  1. inspiratory muscles relax
  2. the thoracic cavity volume decreases
  3. the elastic lungs recoil passively, decreasing the intrapulmonary volume
  4. intrapulmonary pressure rises
  5. air flows out
19
Q

What muscles are involved in the inspiration process?

A

diaphragm and external intercostals.

20
Q

How does the diaphragm contribute to inspiration?

A

increases the height of the thoracic cavity, thus increasing its volume. It moves inferiorly and flattens out as it contracts.

21
Q

What role do the intercostal muscles play during inspiration?

A

increase the diameter of the thorax, thus increasing its volume.

22
Q

How do the intercostal muscles affect the ribs during inspiration?

A

pull the ribs up and out, similar to raising a bucket handle.

23
Q

What causes airway resistance and what is the equation of flow (F)?

A
  • friction
  • flow (F) is proportional to the difference in pressures (Ppul-Patm) or pressure gradient (delta P)
  • F= delta P/ R (resistance)
24
Q

What is delta P during normal quiet breathing?

A

1-2 mmHg

25
Q

What are the 2 reasons resistance in respiratory tree insignificant?

A
  1. conducting zone airways have huge diameters (relative to low air viscosity)
  2. all the bronchioles running in parallel
26
Q

Where is the greatest resistance in the lungs?

A

medium-sized bronchi

27
Q

What is the pressure difference between inhalation and expiration?

A

I - (-) in order to pull air in
E - (+) in order to push air out

28
Q

What is the purpose of measuring pulmonary volumes?

A

to assess respiratory status.
- these volumes are combined to measure pulmonary capacities.

29
Q

Why are pulmonary volumes often abnormal in people with pulmonary disorders?

A

these conditions can affect lung function and air exchange

30
Q

What is a spirometer, and how is it used?

A

a clinical tool originally used to measure pulmonary volumes

31
Q

What are pulmonary (lung) capacities and how many are there?

A
  • are combinations of two or more lung volumes
  • four main ones
32
Q

What is Inspiratory Capacity (IC)?

A

the amount of air that can be inspired after a normal tidal expiration
- the sum of tidal volume (TV) and inspiratory reserve volume (IRV)
- IC=TV+IRV

33
Q

What is Functional Residual Capacity (FRC)?

A

the amount of air remaining in the lungs after a normal tidal expiration
- the sum of residual volume (RV) and expiratory reserve volume (ERV)
- FRC = RV+ERV

34
Q

What is Vital Capacity (VC)?

A
  • total amount of exchangeable air
  • VC= TV+IRV+ERV
35
Q

What is Total Lung Capacity (TLC)?

A

sum of all lung volumes
- TLC = TV+IRV+ERV+RV

36
Q

What are the 3 factors affecting pulmonary gas exchange?

A
  • partial pressure gradient and gas solubilities
  • thickness and SA of the respiratory membrane
  • ventilation-perfusion coupling: matching alveolar ventilation with pulmonary blood perfusion
37
Q
A

ANP 1105 (12 decks)

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