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ANP 1105 > Chapter 18 - cardiovascular system > Flashcards

Chapter 18 - cardiovascular system Flashcards

1
Q

What is the difference between the pulmonary and the systemic circuit?

A

P - arteries and veins that carry blood to and from the lungs (right side receives oxygen-poor blood from body - eliminated CO2 and uptake O2)
S- blood vessels that carry blood to and from body (left side receives oxygenated blood from lungs)

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2
Q

What is the difference in blood for the atriums and ventricles?

A

R atrium - receives blood from systemic circuit
L atrium - receives blood from pulmonary circuit
R ventricle - pumps blood through pulmonary
L ventricle - pumps blood through systemic

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3
Q

What is the location of the heart in the mediastinum?

A

between the second rib and fifth intercostal space
- between the sternum and vertebral column
- 2/3 left of the midsternal line

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4
Q

What is the pericardium and what are the layers?

A

Double-walled sac surrounding the heart.
- Superficial Layer: Fibrous pericardium—protects, anchors, prevents overfilling.
- Deep Layer: Serous pericardium—
- Parietal Layer: Lines fibrous pericardium.
- Visceral Layer (Epicardium): Covers heart.
- Pericardial Cavity: Fluid-filled space reducing friction.

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5
Q

What is pericarditis - cardiac tamponade?

A
  • Inflammation causing friction rub (creaking sound).
  • Excess fluid compresses heart, limiting pumping ability.
    Treatment: Fluid removal via syringe.
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6
Q

What are the three layers of the heart?

A

Epicardium: Visceral layer of serous pericardium.
Myocardium: Bulk of heart wall, made of cardiac muscle; contains fibrous skeleton for support and action potential control.
Endocardium: Innermost layer, continuous with blood vessel lining; covers heart chambers and valves.

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7
Q

What separates the atriums and the ventricles?

A

interatrial septum
- fossa ovails: remnant foramen ovale of fetal heart
interventricular septum

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8
Q

what are the surface features of the chambers?

A
  • coronary sulcus (atrioventricular grooves) - encircles junctions of atria and ventricles
  • anterior interventricular sulcus - marks anterior position of interventricular septum
  • posterior interventricular sulcus - similar landmark on posteroinferior surface of heart
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9
Q

What are the 3 types of pericardium?

A

fibrous pericardium: protects, anchor and prevents overfilling
serous pericardium: parietal layer - internal surface, visceral layer (epicardium) - external surface
pericardial cavity: decrease fiction

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10
Q

What are the layers of the heart wall?

A

epicardium: visceral layer of serous pericardium
myocardium: circular or spiral bindles of contractile cardiac cells - cardiac skeleton (non-excitable) - collagen and elastic - anchors muscle fibers, supports valves and limits propagations of AP
endocardium: lines blood vessels

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11
Q

What is the function of the coronary sinus?

A

returns blood draining from the myocardium

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12
Q

What is the difference between the posterior and anterior layers of the atrium?

A

A: contains muscle bundles called pectinate muscle
P: smooth walled
- separated by cristae terminalis

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13
Q

Where is pectinate only found?

A

in the atriums

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14
Q

What is the function of the trabeculae carneae and papillary muscle (+ chordae tendineae)

A

TC: irregular ridges of muscles mark internal ventricular walls
PM: projects into ventricular cavity
CT: anchor valves to pap muscle

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15
Q

what does pectinate muscles do?

A

increase the power of contractions without increase the mass of the heart

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16
Q

What is different between the work load of the left and right ventricles?

A

L- round - pumps longer distance - high resistance (friction), high pressure system - thicker (x3) than right
R- crescent shaped - pumps shorter distance - low resistance (friction), low pressure system

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17
Q

what is the difference between the left and right coronary arteries?

A

L (2 branches) - anterior interventricular artery (supplies interventricular septum and anterior ventricular walls), Circumflex (supplies left atrium and posterior wall of left ven)
R - right marginal artery (supplies right atrium and most right ven), posterior interventricular artery (supplies posterior ven wall)

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18
Q

What is the coronary sinus and what are the 2 veins?

A

collects blood from capillary beds of myocardium
- great cardiac (in ant interven sulcus)
- middle cardiac (in post inter ven sulcus)
- small cardiac ( from right inf margin)

19
Q

Where does the coronary arteries derive from?

A

the base of the aorta, encircle heart in coronary sulcus

20
Q

What are cardiac myocytes and endomysium?

A

CM - short, fat, branched and interconnected: with one or two central nuclei
E - loose connective tissue with capillaries - connect the CM to fibrous skeleton

21
Q

What are intercalated discs?

A

junctions in CM containing desmosomes (hold cell together) and gap junctions (ion travel)

22
Q

What is a functional syncytium?

A

single coordinated unit - in CM

23
Q

Does CM contain triads?

A

No

24
Q

Why is tetanic contractions not possible in cardiac muscles?

A

absolute refractory period is much long then skeletal muscles

25
Q

How is Ca2+ important in contraction of the cardiac muscle?

A

release of Ca2+ from extracellular matrix triggers the release of it from the sarcoplasmic reticulum
- binds to troponin
- Ca2+ from matrix is pumped back out after

26
Q

Why is cardiac muscle adaptable?

A

it is able to switch metabolic pathways to use whatever nutrients are available (including lactic acid)

27
Q

What is angina pectoris?

A
  • thoracic pain caused by deficiency inn blood delivery to myocardium
  • weak cells due to limited oxygen
28
Q

What is myocardial infarction (MI) or heart attack?

A

prolonged coronary blockage causing areas of myocardial cells death
- instead noncontractile scar tissue
- damaged left ven = very bad

29
Q

What is the intrinsic cardiac conduction system?

A

initiates and distributes impulses to coordinate depolarization and contraction of heart. Formed by:
- gap junctions
- network of noncontractile (autorhythmic) cells

30
Q

Why is AP initiated by pacemaker cells?

A
  • unstable resting potential called pacemaker potentials
  • continuously depolarize, drifting slowly towards threshold
  • also influenced by ANS
31
Q

Explain the pathway for AP in the heart.

A

Pacemaker potential: K+ channels close, Na+ channels open –> Na+ comes in (+)

Depolarization: at threshold (-40), Ca+ channels open –> influx of Ca2+ brings to AP

Repolarization: Ca2+ channels close, K+ channels open –> efflux of K+ causes interior to become (-) again

32
Q

What are the different tracings of ECGs?

A
  • normal
  • junction rhythm (SA fails)
  • second-degree rhythm (AV fails)
  • vesicular fibrillation (disorganized)
33
Q

What are the different feature of the ECG wave?

A

P wave: depol of SA node
PR interval: atrial depol/ vent depol
QRS complex: vent depol and atrial repol
QT interval: vent depol through vent repol
ST segment: entire vent myocardium depol
T wave: repol of vent

34
Q

What is the difference between systole, diastole and cardiac cycle?

A

S: contraction
D: relaxation
C: all events associated with blood flow

35
Q

What does isometric phase mean and the 2 types?

A

there are two periods when all four valves are closed and volumes cannot change
- isovolumetric contraction phases (systole)
- isovolumetric relaxation phases (diastole)

35
Q

What is the difference between EDV and ESV?

A

EDV: volume of blood in vent, greatest at the end of diastole
ESV: volume of blood in vent, smallest at the end of systole

36
Q

Heart murmurs - what is the difference between incompetent valves and stenotic valves?

A

IV: fails to close completely; allows blood backflow
SV: fails to open properly; restricts blood flow

37
Q

What is the difference between the sounds at of the first and second lub dup?

A

First - AV - louder, longer, and more resonant
Second - SL - short and sharp

38
Q

Which valves close slightly before the others?

A

First: mitral and aortic
Second: tricuspid and pulmonary

39
Q

What is cardiac output?

A

the amount of blood pumped out by each ventricle in 1 min
- product of heart rate and stroke volume

40
Q

What is stroke volume?

A

the volume of blood pumped out by each ventricle per beat
- correlated with force of contraction

41
Q

What is the normal HR, SV, and CO?

A

HR: 75 beats/min
SV: 70 ml/beat
CO: 5.25 L/min

42
Q

What is a cardiac reserve?

A

difference between resting and maximal CO

ANP 1105 (8 decks)

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