Chapter 1/3 - structure of cells Flashcards
What is gross macroscopic anatomy and what are the 3 examples?
large body structures visible to the naked eye
regional: particular area of the body ex hand
system: just one system ex cardiovascular
surface: looks at internal structures as they relate to overlying skin ex skin, hair
What is microscopic anatomy and the 2 subcategories?
structures too small to be seen with the naked eye
cytology: study of cells
histology: study of tissue
What is developmental anatomy and the subcategory?
structural changes that occur throughout the life span
embryology: study of developmental changes that occur before birth
What is the difference between palpate and auscultate?
P - feel organs with hands
A - listen to organs with stethoscope
What are the 6 levels of organization?
atoms, molecules, organelles, cells, tissue, organ,
What is the cytoplasm and what is it composed of?
cellular material between the plasma membrane and the nucleus
cytosol: gel-like solution made of water and soluble molecules like sugars, proteins etc.
inclusions: insoluble molecules ex glycogen granules, pigment, lipids
organelles: metabolic structures which serve a function
What are the membranous organelles (6)?
mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum, golgi apparatus, peroxisomes, lysosomes, neucleus
what are the nonmembranous organelles?
ribosomes, cytoskeleton, centrioles
What is the function of the smooth ER?
1) Make steroid based hormones
2) Detoxifies chemicals (liver/ Kidney)
3) Metabolizes lipids, makes cholesterol + phospholipids +lipoproteins (liver)
4) Turns glycogen into glucose
Stores calcium in most cell types
What is the function of the rough ER?
protein folding, sorting, and transporting the proteins outside the cell to their proper destinations.
What is the function of free ribosomes?
synthesis of soluble proteins that function in cytosol or other organelles
What is the function of membrane-bound ribosomes?
site of synthesis or proteins to be incorporated into membranes or lysosomes or exported from the cell
What is the function of the mitochondria?
responsible for making ATP - muscle cells have more mitochondria
What is the function of the golgi apparatus?
packaging proteins and lipids to be delivered to other parts of the cell - can sometimes modify proteins
How do packaged proteins know where to go?
They have a specific code which tells them where they should be delivered to
What is the function of lysosomes?
waste management including lipids, nucleic acid
- create h+ ions
Function of cytoskeletal - microfilaments?
made of spherical proteins called actin
Function of cytoskeletal - intermediate filament?
insoluble protein fibers that give structure
Function of cytoskeletal - microtubules?
hollow spherical proteins that create networks throughout the cell
what are centrioles?
are microtubules important in cell division
What is the function of cilium?
move debris - made of microtubules
What is the function of microvill?
increase the surface area of your intestines. the larger the surface area, the easier it is to absorb nutrients
What are the major classes of extracellular material?
extracellular fluid - made of interstitial fluid, blood plasma and cerebrospinal fluid
cellular secretion - aids in digestion and helps with lubrication
extracellular matrix - serves as glue to bind cell bodies together - connective tissue
What is the role of CAM (cell adhesion molecules)?
embryotic development and wound repair
What are the 4 characteristics of CAM?
1) Velcro cells to molecules in extra space and to each other
2) arms help migrate cell
3) In blood vessels to alert injury and infection
4) mechanical sensors that alert change in extra matrix and acts accordingly.
What are the types of signaling?
Contact - close and contact helps cells see friend or foe - carbohydrates (glycocalyx)
chemical- ligand (chemical messenger - neurotransmitter, hormone and paracrine)
- binds to receptor and initiates reaction
What is the G-protein?
A regulatory molecule that acts as an intermediary or relay to activate or inactivate a membrane-bound enzyme or ion
What is the second messenger?
the intramolecular chemical signals which connect the plasma membrane events to the internal metabolic machinery cell.
Order of G-protein-couples receptor reactions?
ligand –> receptor –> g-protein –> protein –> second messenger
What are peroxisomes?
use oxidases by neutralizing free radicals
- in liver and kidney
- energy metabolism by breaking down and synthesizing fatty acids
What is the endomembrane system?
organelles work together to produce, degrade, store and export molecules
- ER, Golgi, secretion vesicles, lysosomes and nuclear envelope
