Chapter 1/3 - structure of cells

Question 1

What is gross macroscopic anatomy and what are the 3 examples?

Answer 1

large body structures visible to the naked eye

regional: particular area of the body ex hand

system: just one system ex cardiovascular

surface: looks at internal structures as they relate to overlying skin ex skin, hair

Question 2

What is microscopic anatomy and the 2 subcategories?

Answer 2

structures too small to be seen with the naked eye

cytology: study of cells
histology: study of tissue

Question 3

What is developmental anatomy and the subcategory?

Answer 3

structural changes that occur throughout the life span

embryology: study of developmental changes that occur before birth

Question 4

What is the difference between palpate and auscultate?

Answer 4

P - feel organs with hands
A - listen to organs with stethoscope

Question 5

What are the 6 levels of organization?

Answer 5

atoms, molecules, organelles, cells, tissue, organ,

Question 6

What is the cytoplasm and what is it composed of?

Answer 6

cellular material between the plasma membrane and the nucleus

cytosol: gel-like solution made of water and soluble molecules like sugars, proteins etc.

inclusions: insoluble molecules ex glycogen granules, pigment, lipids

organelles: metabolic structures which serve a function

Question 7

What are the membranous organelles (6)?

Answer 7

mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum, golgi apparatus, peroxisomes, lysosomes, neucleus

Question 8

what are the nonmembranous organelles?

Answer 8

ribosomes, cytoskeleton, centrioles

Question 9

What is the function of the smooth ER?

Answer 9

1) Make steroid based hormones
2) Detoxifies chemicals (liver/ Kidney)
3) Metabolizes lipids, makes cholesterol + phospholipids +lipoproteins (liver)
4) Turns glycogen into glucose
Stores calcium in most cell types

Question 10

What is the function of the rough ER?

Answer 10

protein folding, sorting, and transporting the proteins outside the cell to their proper destinations.

Question 11

What is the function of free ribosomes?

Answer 11

synthesis of soluble proteins that function in cytosol or other organelles

Question 12

What is the function of membrane-bound ribosomes?

Answer 12

site of synthesis or proteins to be incorporated into membranes or lysosomes or exported from the cell

Question 13

What is the function of the mitochondria?

Answer 13

responsible for making ATP - muscle cells have more mitochondria

Question 14

What is the function of the golgi apparatus?

Answer 14

packaging proteins and lipids to be delivered to other parts of the cell - can sometimes modify proteins

Question 15

How do packaged proteins know where to go?

Answer 15

They have a specific code which tells them where they should be delivered to

Question 16

What is the function of lysosomes?

Answer 16

waste management including lipids, nucleic acid
- create h+ ions

Question 17

Function of cytoskeletal - microfilaments?

Answer 17

made of spherical proteins called actin

Question 18

Function of cytoskeletal - intermediate filament?

Answer 18

insoluble protein fibers that give structure

Question 19

Function of cytoskeletal - microtubules?

Answer 19

hollow spherical proteins that create networks throughout the cell

Question 20

what are centrioles?

Answer 20

are microtubules important in cell division

Question 21

What is the function of cilium?

Answer 21

move debris - made of microtubules

Question 22

What is the function of microvill?

Answer 22

increase the surface area of your intestines. the larger the surface area, the easier it is to absorb nutrients

Question 23

What are the major classes of extracellular material?

Answer 23

extracellular fluid - made of interstitial fluid, blood plasma and cerebrospinal fluid

cellular secretion - aids in digestion and helps with lubrication

extracellular matrix - serves as glue to bind cell bodies together - connective tissue

Question 24

What is the role of CAM (cell adhesion molecules)?

Answer 24

embryotic development and wound repair

Question 25

What are the 4 characteristics of CAM?

Answer 25

1) Velcro cells to molecules in extra space and to each other
2) arms help migrate cell
3) In blood vessels to alert injury and infection
4) mechanical sensors that alert change in extra matrix and acts accordingly.

Question 26

What are the types of signaling?

Answer 26

Contact - close and contact helps cells see friend or foe - carbohydrates (glycocalyx)

chemical- ligand (chemical messenger - neurotransmitter, hormone and paracrine)
- binds to receptor and initiates reaction

Question 27

What is the G-protein?

Answer 27

A regulatory molecule that acts as an intermediary or relay to activate or inactivate a membrane-bound enzyme or ion

Question 28

What is the second messenger?

Answer 28

the intramolecular chemical signals which connect the plasma membrane events to the internal metabolic machinery cell.

Question 29

Order of G-protein-couples receptor reactions?

Answer 29

ligand –> receptor –> g-protein –> protein –> second messenger

Question 30

What are peroxisomes?

Answer 30

use oxidases by neutralizing free radicals
- in liver and kidney
- energy metabolism by breaking down and synthesizing fatty acids

Question 31

What is the endomembrane system?

Answer 31

organelles work together to produce, degrade, store and export molecules
- ER, Golgi, secretion vesicles, lysosomes and nuclear envelope