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ANP 1105 > Chapter 17 - blood > Flashcards

Chapter 17 - blood Flashcards

1
Q

What are the functions of blood?

A
  • transport
  • regulation
  • protection
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2
Q

What does the blood transport?

A

delivers O2 and nutrients to the body
- transport metabolic waste to lungs and kidney
- transports hormones from endocrine to target organs

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3
Q

How does blood regulate?

A
  • maintains body temp by absorbing and distributing heat
  • maintains pH levels (through alkaline reserve of bicarbonate ions)
  • fluid volume in circulatory system
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4
Q

How does blood protect?

A

prevent blood loss
- plasma proteins and platelets in blood initiate clot formation
prevent infection
- antibodies
- complement proteins
- WBC

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5
Q

What are the components in blood?

A
  • RBC (erythrocytes)
  • WBC (leukocytes)
  • plasma
  • tissue fibers (fibrin - only appears when clotting)
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6
Q

What are the layers of blood after being spined?

A

Plasma (55%)
- least dense component
Buffy coat (<1%) - formed blood
- leukocytes and platelets
Erythrocytes (45% - hematocrit - whole blood consisting of RBC) - formed blood
- most dense

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7
Q

Plasma overview (3).

A
  • Straw-colored, sticky fluid
  • Composed of 90% water
  • Contains over 100 dissolved solutes
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8
Q

What are the dissolved components in plasma?

A
  • Nutrients
  • Gases
  • Hormones
  • Wastes
  • Proteins
  • Inorganic ions
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9
Q

What is plasma protein and its function

A
  • Most abundant solutes by weight (8% of plasma)
  • Primarily produced by the liver (except antibodies and hormones)
  • Functions: carries out functions (not taken up by cells for fuel)
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10
Q

What are the features of erythrocytes?

A
  • small-diameter lacking nucleus (anucleate) and most organelles
  • filled with hemoglobin (Hb)
  • intracellular network of structural protein (actin and spectrin) can be deformed by myosin to change cell shape
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11
Q

What is albumin and its function?

A

Comprises 60% of plasma proteins
Major functions:
- Blood buffer (regulates blood pH)
- Carrier (transports certain molecules)
- Contributes to plasma osmotic pressure (retains water in blood)

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12
Q

What are formed elements and what is the special features?

A
  • Composed of erythrocytes (RBCs), leukocytes, and platelets.
    They are not true cells
  • RBCs lack nuclei and organelles; platelets are cell fragments.
  • Most formed elements survive only a few days.
  • Blood cells do not divide; they are replaced by stem cells in red bone marrow.
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13
Q

What are the reasons RBC is a good gas exchanger and transporter?

A
  • biconcave disc (most surface area to volume ratio) - short diffusion distance
  • Hb makes up 97% of cell volume (excludes water)
  • no mitochondria means no oxygen consumption (ATP made in cytosol anaerobically)
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14
Q

Explain the function and content of hemoglobin.

A
  • bonds reversibly with oxygen
  • consists of red heme pigments bound to the protein globin (made of 4 subunits - 2 alpha and 2 beta polypeptide; heme group with central iron ion)
  • 1 hemoglobin can bind 4 O2
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15
Q

What are the names for how O2 and CO2 bind to RBC?

A
  • oxyhemoglobin (bight red - O2 binds)
  • deoxyhemoglobin (dark red - O2 detaches)
  • carbaminohemoglobin (20% of CO2 in blood binds to Hb)
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16
Q

What is hematopoiesis?

A

formation of blood cells in the red bone marrow
- made of reticular CT with large capillaries (blood sinusoids)
- mature BC cross into blood through pores

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17
Q

What is hematopoietic stem cells?

A

hemocytoblasts
- hormones and growth factors push cells to commit to specific blood cell pathways
- committed cell can’t change pathway

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18
Q

What is erythropoietin (EPO)?

A
  • hormone that stimulates the production of red blood cells (erythropoiesis).
  • present in blood at low amount to maintain a basal rate of RBC production.
  • When kidney cells experience low oxygen levels (hypoxia), they release more EPO.
  • This happens because oxygen-sensitive enzymes in these cells can’t break down a protein called hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF), allowing HIF to build up and trigger increased EPO secretion (positive feedback).
19
Q

What are the causes of hypoxia?

A
  • decreased RBC for bleeding or destruction
  • iron deficiency (not enough hemoglobin/ RBC)
  • reduced O2 availability
20
Q

What inhibits EPO and what is its effects on target cells?

A
  • by high levels of O2 or excess RBC
  • targets cells that do erythropoiesis and accelerate their maturation
    • testosterone enhances EPO production; higher hematocrits in makes
21
Q

What are the dietary requirement for erythropoiesis?

A

Nutrients:
- Amino acids, lipids, carbohydrates

B-Complex Vitamins:
- Vitamin B12 and folic acid for DNA synthesis in developing RBCs

Iron:
- Essential for hemoglobin synthesis
- 65% found in hemoglobin; rest in liver, spleen, bone marrow
- Stored in cells as ferritin and hemosiderin (protein iron complex)
- bound to transferrin in blood for transportation

22
Q

Explain RBC life cycle.

A
  • 100-120 days
  • old RBC are fragile with Hb beginning to break
  • can get trapped in spleen (engulfed by macrophages)
23
Q

How is RBC broken down?

A

Separates into:
iron (binds with ferridin or hemosiderin - stored)
- heme (degraded into bilirubin produced by liver and transported to feces)
- globin (metabolized into amino acids; released into circulation)

24
Q

What is sickle cell caused by?

A

a mutation in hemoglobin S (HbS)
- less likely to bind O2 and is fragile
- shorter life span

25
Q

How is blood doping used by athletes?

A
  • artificially induce polycythemia (blood doping) to boost oxygen-carrying capacity.
  • enhances aerobic performance.
26
Q

What are the methods of blood doping?

A

Injecting EPO: Increases hematocrit.

RBC Reinfusion:
- Remove and store RBCs, then reinfuse later.
- Stored RBCs are replaced by new ones, increasing overall hematocrit upon reinfusion.

27
Q

What are the risks of blood doping?

A
  • EPO raises hematocrit from 45% to 65%.
  • Dehydration can further concentrate blood.
  • Risks include blood becoming viscous, leading to clotting, stroke, or heart failure.
28
Q

In platelets, what are some chemicals involved in the clotting process?

A
  • serotonin. calcium, enzymes, ADP, PDGH
29
Q

How are platelets kept inactive when not needed?

A
  • By nitric oxide (NO) and prostacyclin from endothelial cells in undamaged vessels.
30
Q

What are platelets lifespan and formation?

A
  • Age quickly; degenerate in about 10 days.
  • Formation (thrombopoiesis) regulated by thrombopoietin.
31
Q

What is the normal platelet concentration?

A

150,000–400,000 platelets/mL.

32
Q

Where are platelets formed?

A

Bone: Megakaryocytes send projections into red bone marrow capillaries, breaking off into platelets.
Lungs: Megakaryocyte fragments travel to lungs, getting trapped in pulmonary capillaries and fragmenting into more platelets (over half of circulating platelets).

33
Q

What is hemostasis and 3 steps?

A

Definition: Process to stop bleeding - localized.
Steps:
1. Vascular spasm
2. Platelet plug formation
3. Coagulation

34
Q

What is vascular spasm?

A

Smooth muscle contracts, causing vasoconstriction.
Triggered by:
- Direct injury to vascular smooth muscle
- Chemicals from endothelial cells and activated platelets
- Pain reflexes
Effectiveness: Most effective in smaller blood vessels; reduces blood loss, allowing time for subsequent steps.

35
Q

What is platelet plug formation?

A
  • Injury exposes collagen; platelets adhere and activate.
  • von Willebrand factor aids adhesion; prostacyclin and nitric oxide prevent unwanted sticking.
  • Activated platelets release ADP, serotonin, and thromboxane A2, enhancing aggregation.
  • Effective for small tears; larger breaks require more steps.
36
Q

What is coagulation and 4 key points?

A

Fibrin proteins form a mesh, trapping RBCs and platelets to create a clot.
Key Points:
- Reinforces platelet plug.
- Involves clotting factors (I to XIII), mostly liver proteins.
- Vitamin K is essential for some clotting factors (turns them into enzymes for next step).
- Occurs in three phases.

37
Q

What is the first phase of coagulation?

A

pathways: intrinsic and extrinsic
I - Clotting factors present within the blood.
E - Clotting factors located outside blood - faster

38
Q

What is the second phases of coagulation?

A

intrinsic and extrinsic pathways merge
- prothrombin becomes thrombin

39
Q

What is the third phases of coagulation?

A
  • thrombin and Ca2+ fibrinogen turns into fibrin, which links to form strands and stabilizing fibrin fibers
    anticoagulants: substance that inhibit clotting
40
Q

What enzyme catalyzes prothrombin –> thrombin and fibrinogen –> fibrin?

A
  • prothrombinase
  • Thrombin
41
Q

What are the roles and effects of antigens?

A
  • trigger immune responses when perceived as foreign.
  • Mismatched transfusions can cause agglutination and destruction of RBCs.
42
Q

explain antigens and agglutinogens.

A
  • RBC antigens that promote agglutination are called agglutinogens.
  • Humans have at least 30 naturally occurring RBC antigens.
  • A, B, and Rh antigens cause the most vigorous transfusion reactions.
43
Q

What is the role of anti bodies in the bloods?

A
  • contains anti-A and/or anti-B antibodies (agglutinins).
  • Group O: both anti-A and anti-B antibodies.
  • Group A: anti-B antibodies
  • Group B: anti-A antibodies
  • Group AB: no antibodies.

ANP 1105 (11 decks)

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