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ANP 1105 > Chapter 22 - respiratory system > Flashcards

Chapter 22 - respiratory system Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 4 things the respiratory system is responsible for and where do they function?

A
  1. pulmonary ventilation
  2. pulmonary gas exchange
  3. transport respiratory gases
  4. tissue gas exchange
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2
Q

What is the major organs in the upper respiratory system?

A
  • nose and paranasal sinuses
  • pharynx
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3
Q

What is the major organs in the lower respiratory system?

A
  • larynx
  • trachea
  • bronchi and their smaller branches
  • lungs and alveoli
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4
Q

What is the respiratory muscles classified with?

A

muscular system

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5
Q

Describe the function of the nose.

A
  • produces mucus
  • resonance chamber for speech
  • receptors for sense of smell
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6
Q

Describe the function of the paranasal sinuses.

A
  • lighten skull
  • filters air
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7
Q

Describe the function of he pharynx and the common name.

A
  • passageway for air and food
  • connects nasal cavity to larynx and mouth to esophagus
  • facilitates exposure of immune system to inhaled antigen
  • throat
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8
Q

Describe the function of the larynx.

A

connects pharynx to trachea (cartilage and dense connective tissue)
- airway passage
- prevents food from entering lower reparatory
- voice production

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9
Q

Describe the function of the trachea.

A

flexible tube running from larynx and divides 2 main bronchi
- airway passage
- cleans, moistens, warms incoming air

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10
Q

Describe the function of the bronchial tree.

A

contains right and left bronchi (lack cartilage but has smooth tissue)
- connects air from trachea with alveoli
- cleans, moistens, warms incoming air

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10
Q

Describe the function of the alveoli.

A

termini of bronchial tree (made of simple squamous epithelium with thin basement membrane)
- main site for gas exchange
- surfactant reduces surface tension (prevents alveolar collapse)

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11
Q

Describe the function of the pleurae.

A

serous membrane - lines thoracic cavity
- produces lubricating fluid and compartmentalize lungs

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12
Q

What are the two regions of the nose?

A
  • External nose
  • Nasal cavity
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13
Q

What are the surface features of the external nose?

A
  • Root: Area between eyebrows.
  • Bridge: The upper part of the nose.
  • Dorsum nasi: Anterior margin of the nose.
  • Apex: Tip of the nose.
  • Nostrils (nares): External openings of the nose, bounded laterally by alae.
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14
Q

What is the skeletal framework of the external nose?

A
  • Nasal and frontal bones superiorly: Form the bridge and root.
  • Maxillary bones laterally: Form the sides of the nose.
  • Plates of hyaline cartilage inferiorly: Includes alar and septal cartilages.
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15
Q

What structures form the nasal septum?

A
  • anteriorly by septal cartilage
  • posteriorly by the vomer bone and perpendicular plate of the ethmoid bone
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16
Q

What are the posterior nasal apertures (choanae)?

A

openings that allow air to pass from the nasal cavity into the nasopharynx

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17
Q

What forms the roof of the nasal cavity?

A

the ethmoid and sphenoid bones

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18
Q

What forms the floor of the nasal cavity?

A

Hard palate (bone)
Soft palate (muscle)

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19
Q

What is the nasal vestibule?

A

part of the nasal cavity located superior to the nostrils and lined with vibrissae (hairs) to filter air particles.

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20
Q

What lines the rest of the nasal cavity?

A
  1. olfactory mucosa: lines superior region and contains olfactory epithelium
  2. respiratory mucosa: line most of the cavity and contains:
    - pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium with goblet cells
    - lamina propria with seromucous nasal glands
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21
Q

What is the function of the respiratory mucosa?

A
  1. cilia that sweeps contaminated mucus posteriorly towards the throat
  2. seromucous nasal glands, which secrete:
    - mucous cells
    - serous cell (watery with enzymes)
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22
Q

What is the function of the mucosa’s sensory nerve endings?

A

trigger the sneeze reflex to remove irritants

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23
Q

How is inspired air treated in the nasal cavity?

A

warmed by plexuses of capillaries and thin-walled veins in the mucosa

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23
Q

What are the nasal conchae and how are they divided?

A

scroll-like, mucosa-covered projections that protrude medially from the lateral walls of the nasal cavity
1. superior concha
2. middle concha
3. inferior concha

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24
Q

What is the function of the nasal conchae?

A
  • the shape increases the mucosal area exposed to air and enhances turbulent airflow
  • helps trap more air particles in mucus, improving air cleaning
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25
Q

What happens during inhalation and exhalation regarding the conchae?

A
  • During inhalation, conchae and nasal mucosa filter, heat, and moisten the air.
  • During exhalation, conchae and mucosa reclaim most of the heat and moisture.
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26
Q

What are paranasal sinuses?

A
  • air-filled spaces within the frontal, sphenoid, ethmoid, and maxillary bones that surround and connect with the nasal cavity.
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27
Q

What type of muscle makes up the wall of the pharynx?

A

skeletal muscle

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27
Q

Into how many regions is the pharynx divided?

A
  1. Nasopharynx
  2. Oropharynx
  3. Laryngopharynx
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28
Q

Where is the nasopharynx located?

A

is posterior to, and continuous with the nasal cavity

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29
Q

What type of epithelium lines the nasopharynx?

A

pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium that propels mucus inferiorly

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30
Q

What is the primary function of the nasopharynx?

A

airway

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31
Q

How does the nasopharynx function during swallowing?

A

the soft palate and uvula move superiorly to close off the nasopharynx

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32
Q

What structures are located in the posterior wall of the nasopharynx?

A

contains the pharyngeal tonsils (also known as adenoids).

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32
Q

How are the lateral walls of the nasopharynx connected to the middle ear?

A

are connected to the middle ear by the pharyngotympanic (auditory) tubes

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33
Q

What is the function of the pharyngotympanic tubes and what protects the entrance?

A

drain the middle ear and allow pressure to equalize with atmospheric pressure
- tubal tonsils

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34
Q

What is a swollen adenoid?

A
  • infection can block air passage in nasopharynx (breath through mouth)
  • can disrupt speech and sleep
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35
Q

Where is the oropharynx located and its function?

A
  • posterior to, and continuous with, the oral cavity
  • passageway for food and air from the level of the soft palate to the epiglottis
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36
Q

What is the archway between the oropharynx and the oral cavity called?

A

isthmus of fauces

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36
Q

What type of epithelium lines the oropharynx?

A

protective stratified squamous epithelium.

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37
Q

Where are the palatine tonsils located?

A

in the lateral walls of the oropharynx, posterior to the oral cavity

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38
Q

What is the location of the lingual tonsil?

A

the posterior surface of the tongue

39
Q

Where is the laryngopharynx located and its function?

A
  • posterior to the larynx
  • passageway for both food and air
40
Q

What type of epithelium lines the laryngopharynx?

A

stratified squamous epithelium

41
Q

How far does the laryngopharynx extend?

A

to the bottom of the larynx, where it is continuous with the esophagus

42
Q

How is the respiratory system divided?

A

Respiratory zone: gas exchange; consists of respiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts, and alveoli

Constructing zone: all other airways (from nose to respiratory bronchiole)
- transport air to and from sites of gas exchange
- cleanse, warm and humify incoming air

43
Q

What is the larynx connected to superiorly and inferiorly?

A

laryngopharynx and trachea

44
Q

What is the framework of the larynx composed of?

A

nine cartilages connected by membranes and ligaments

44
Q

Where is the larynx located and what are the 3 main functions?

A
  • attaches to the hyoid bone
    1. provides an open airway
    2. routes air and food into proper channels
    3. voice production (houses vocal cords)
45
Q

What are the eight hyaline cartilages of the larynx?

A
  1. Thyroid cartilage (shield-shaped).
  2. Cricoid cartilage (ring-shaped).
  3. Three pairs of small cartilages: arytenoid, cuneiform, and corniculate cartilages.
46
Q

What is the thyroid cartilage, and what is its prominent feature?

A

is shield-shaped, and its anterior, midline ridge is called the laryngeal prominence (commonly known as the Adam’s apple).

47
Q

What is the function of the epiglottis?

A

(elastic cartilage) covers the laryngeal inlet during swallowing as the larynx is pulled superiorly

48
Q

What is the epiglottis covered in?

A

taste bud–containing mucosa

49
Q

What is the structure of vocal ligaments and why do they appear white?

A
  • elastic fibers
  • lack blood vessels
50
Q

What are vocal folds (true vocal cords) and what do they do?

A
  • are mucosal folds that contain the vocal ligaments and vibrate
  • produce sound as air passes through them during expiration.
51
Q

What is the opening between the vocal folds called?

A

glottis

52
Q

What are vestibular folds (false vocal cords), and do they produce sound?

A
  • are found superior to the vocal folds
  • do not produce sound but help close the glottis during swallowing.
53
Q

What type of epithelium lines the superior part of the larynx (above the vocal folds)?

A

epithelium superior to the vocal folds is protective stratified squamous epithelium.

54
Q

What type of epithelium lines the inferior part of the larynx (below the vocal folds)?

A

epithelium inferior to the vocal folds is pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium

55
Q

What is the function of the cilia in the laryngeal epithelium?

A

The cilia in the pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium sweep mucus superiorly toward the pharynx

56
Q

How is speech produced in terms of airflow and the glottis?

A

by the intermittent release of expired air during the opening and closing of the glottis

57
Q

What determines the pitch of the voice?

A

by the length and tension of the vocal folds. Tenser folds vibrate faster to produce a higher pitch.

57
Q

How is sound shaped into language?

A

by the muscles of the pharynx, tongue, soft palate, and lips.

58
Q

How can vocal folds function as a sphincter?

A

can act as a sphincter by closing the glottis to prevent air passage.

59
Q

How many generations of branching do the airways undergo, and what do they form?

A
  • 23 gens
  • bronchial tree
59
Q

Conducting zone - What is the first division of the trachea?

A

The trachea divides into the right and left main (primary) bronchi, one for each lung.

59
Q

What is the relationship between the conducting zone and respiratory zone structures?

A

At the tips of the bronchial tree, conducting zone structures give rise to respiratory zone structures.

60
Q

Conducting zone - What happens after the primary bronchi divide?

A

Each primary bronchus branches into lobar (secondary) bronchi, one for each lobe of the lung.
- Right lung: 3 lobar bronchi
- Left lung: 2 lobar bronchi

61
Q

Conducting zone - Where do the primary bronchi enter the lungs, and how do they differ between the right and left lungs?

A
  • hilum
  • the right bronchus is wider, shorter, and more vertical than the left.
61
Q

What happens after the lobar bronchi divide?

A

Secondary (lobar) bronchi branch into segmental (tertiary) bronchi, and these divide repeatedly into smaller branches.

62
Q

What are the smallest branches of the bronchial tree?

A

bronchioles

62
Q

What are terminal bronchioles?

A

the smallest bronchioles

63
Q

How do the walls of the main bronchi compare to those of the bronchioles?

A
  • similar to trachea, but airways progress to bronchioles
  • structural changes occur: replacement of cartilage rings with irregular cartilage plates and a decrease in cartilage presence in bronchioles
63
Q

What structural changes occur in the epithelium as airways move from bronchi to bronchioles?

A

The epithelium thins as it transitions from pseudostratified columnar to simple columnar, and finally to simple cuboidal in bronchioles.

64
Q

How do the cilia and goblet cells change as you move from bronchi to bronchioles?

A

The number of cilia and goblet cells decreases as the airways progress from bronchi to bronchioles.

65
Q

What structures follow the respiratory bronchioles in the respiratory zone?

A

lead into alveolar ducts, which then connect to alveolar sacs

65
Q

How does the amount of smooth muscle change in the conducting zone?

A

increases, allowing bronchioles to control their diameter and provide resistance to airflow as needed.

65
Q

Where do the respiratory zone structures begin?

A

begins at the terminal bronchioles and into respiratory bronchioles.

66
Q

What is contained within the alveolar sacs?

A

contain clusters of alveoli, which are the sites of gas exchange.

66
Q

What is the function of the respiratory membrane and main components?

A
  • extremely thin and acts as a blood-air barrier, allowing gas exchange by simple diffusion
  • alveolar and capillary walls with a shared basement membrane
67
Q

What type of epithelium makes up the alveolar wall?

A

simple squamous epithelium, primarily composed of Type I alveolar cells.

68
Q

What is the role of Type II alveolar cells?

A

are scattered cuboidal cells that secrete surfactant and antimicrobial proteins along the inner surface of the alveoli.

69
Q

What happens to the alveolar macrophages after they consume debris?

A

carried by cilia to the throat and then swallowed

69
Q

What surrounds the alveoli and how does it aid in lung function?

A
  • fine elastic fibers and a dense network of pulmonary capillaries
  • help with gas exchange and provide structural support.
69
Q

What is the function of alveolar pores?

A
  • connect adjacent alveoli to equalize air pressure
  • provides alternate routes in case of airway blockages.
69
Q

What is the role of the pulmonary circulation?

A

carries systemic venous blood from the heart to the lungs for oxygenation
- is a low-pressure, high-volume system

69
Q

What is the costal surface of the lung?

A

refers to the anterior, lateral, and posterior surfaces of the lung, which lie deep to the ribs

70
Q

How is the right lung structured?

A

is divided into superior, middle, and inferior lobes
- the superior and middle lobes are separated by the horizontal fissure
- the middle and inferior lobes are separated by the oblique fissure.

70
Q

What is the hilum of the lung?

A

is located on the mediastinal surface of the lung and serves as the entry/exit point for blood vessels, nerves, bronchi, and lymphatic vessels.

70
Q

How is the left lung structured?

A

is divided into superior and inferior lobes by the oblique fissure.
- smaller than the right (bc heart)

70
Q

What are the two circulations that perfuse the lungs?

A

are perfused by two circulations: pulmonary circulation and bronchial circulation.
- differ in size, origin, and function.

70
Q

What is the function of the pulmonary capillary endothelium?

A
  • has enzymes that assist in gas exchange for blood
70
Q

What is the bronchial circulation?

A

provides oxygenated blood to the lung tissue
- blood from aorta and enters through hilum and supplies all lung tissue except the alveoli

71
Q

How is bronchial circulation different from pulmonary circulation?

A

are part of the systemic circulation, so they are high-pressure and low-volume

72
Q

How are the lungs innervated?

A

by parasympathetic, sympathetic, and visceral sensory fibers.
- enter through the pulmonary plexus at the lung root and follow the bronchial tree and blood vessels.

73
Q

What is the effect of parasympathetic innervation on the lungs?

A

cause bronchoconstriction, narrowing the airways.

74
Q

What is the effect of sympathetic innervation on the lungs?

A

cause bronchodilation, relaxing the airways and increasing airflow

75
Q

What is the term for fluid in the pleural cavity and other fluids may accumulate in it?

A
  • Blood from damaged blood vessels.
  • Capillary filtrate when left-sided heart failure occurs.
  • pleural effusion
76
Q

What is each lung lobe divided into and how many segments are in each lung?

A
  • bronchopulmonary segments
  • right: 10 segments
  • left: 8-10 segments
77
Q

What structures serve each bronchopulmonary segment and how are they separated?

A
  • has its own artery, veins, and bronchus
  • by connective tissue septa
78
Q

Can diseased bronchopulmonary segments be removed?

A

Yes

79
Q

What are lobules in the lung and what serves each lung?

A
  • smallest subdivision of the lungs visible to naked eye and are hexagonal
  • conducting bronchioles and their respiratory branches
80
Q

What separates the lobules?

A
  • connective tissue
81
Q

Why is elasticity important in lung tissue?

A
  • reduces the work of breathing

ANP 1105 (12 decks)

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