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ANP 1105 > Chapter 20 - lymphatic system > Flashcards

Chapter 20 - lymphatic system Flashcards

1
Q

What is the lymphatic system and what does it consist of?

A

returns fluids leaked from blood vessels back to blood
- network of drainage vessels (lymphatic vessels)
- fluid (lymph)
- structures that cleanse lymph (lymph nodes)

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2
Q

What is the function of lymphoid organs and tissues?

A

Provide structural basis of immune system
- body’s defense mechanisms and resistance to disease
- structures include spleen, thymus, tonsils, lymph nodes, other lymphoid tissues

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3
Q

What is the hydrostatic and colloid osmotic pressures, how much fluid does it produce and what does it become a part of?

A

operates at blood capillaries force fluid out along the first half and them reabsorb most of it along the second half
- 3L
- interstitial fluid

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4
Q

What are the functions lymphatic vessels?

A

collect the excess protein-containing interstitial fluid and return it to the blood
- transport pathogens to lymph nodes and absorbed fats from intestine to blood

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5
Q

What are lymphatic capillaries, where are they not found.

A

blind-ended vessels that weave between tissue cells and blood capillaries
- bones and teeth

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6
Q

How are lymphatic capillaries operate in the brain?

A

astrocytes form channels that connect to lymphatics in meninges (glymphatic system)
- help drain ECF (inter and cerebro fluids) and their wastes
- malfunction plays a role in degenerative diseases (Alzheimer’s)

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7
Q

Why are lymphatic capillaries more permeable than blood capillaries?

A
  • overlap loosely to form one-way minivalves
  • anchored to matrix by collagen filaments, so increase ISF volume opens minivalves, allowing more ISF to enter
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8
Q

How does the minivalves close and why is it important?

A
  • when pressure in the lymphatic capillaries increase, the valve closes
  • to prevent lymph from leaking back out as pressure moves it along
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9
Q

Which tissue is lymphatic capillaries even more permeable?

A

inflamed tissues, to help take up larger substances
- cell debris and pathogens, even cancer cell

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10
Q

What are lacteals in the small intestine and what is the structure set up?

A

a specialized set of lymphatic capillaries for absorption and transport of digested fat
- one central lacteal in each fingerlike villus of the intestinal mucosa
- fatty lymph (chyle) joins rest of lymph, eventually entering blood

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11
Q

How do large lymphatic vessels drain?

A

lymphatic capillaries drain into increasingly larger and thinker-walled channels

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12
Q

What is the collecting lymphatic vessels composition, location and formation?

A
  • have all three tunica, but thinner and move valves and anastomoses
  • In skin: travel in superficial veins or deep vessels of trunk travel with deep arteries
  • larger vessels unite to form lymphatic trunk
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13
Q

How many lymphatic trunks are there and what are the 2 main pairings?

A

9
- Left: lumbar/ broncho mediastinal and Right: subclavian/ jugular trunks

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14
Q

What are the 2 main ducts the trunks deliver lymph to?

A
  • right lymphatic duct
  • thoracic duct (larger)
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15
Q

What parts of the body does the right lymphatic duct serve and where does it drain?

A
  • drains right upper limb and right side of the head and thorax
  • drains into venous circulation at junction of right internal jugular and right subclavian
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16
Q

What parts of the body does the thoracic duct serve and where does it drain?

A
  • drains the rest of the body
  • empties into venous circulation at junction of left internal jugular and left subclavian veins; half of the population has an enlarged sac (cisterna chyli)
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17
Q

How do lymphatic vessels receive their own blood supply and what is it called when it becomes inflamed.

A

vasa vasorum
- severe inflammation is called lymphangitis (shown as a red streak on arm)

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18
Q

Lymph nodes - what is it composed of and what are the immune system cells?

A
  • made of immune system cells found in lymphoid tissues together with supporting cells that form scaffolding
  • 2 types of lymphocytes (T and B cells) protect the body against antigens
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19
Q

What are antigens and are the functions of the 2 types of lymphocytes?

A

A: anything that triggers an immune response (bacteria and their toxins, viruses, mismatched RBC, cancer cells)
T lymphocytes: activated T cells manage immune response; some directly attack and destroy infected cells
B lymphocytes: activated B cells produce plasma cells, which secrete antibodies that mark antigens for destruction by phagocytosis or other means

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20
Q

What is the difference between macrophages and dendritic cells?

A

M - phagocytize foreign substances and active T cells
DC - capture and deliver antigens to lymph nodes to activate T cells

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21
Q

What is a lymphoid tissue?

A

component of the immune system
- house and provide activation and proliferation sites for lymphocytes
- ideal surveillance location for lymphocytes and macrophages

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22
Q

What are the supporting cells in the lymph nodes?

A

reticular cells: fibroblast-like cells that produce reticular fiber stroma (network that supports other cell types) in lymphoid organs and tissues

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23
Q

What is the lymphoid tissue made of and what resides in it?

A

reticular connective tissue
- in all lymphoid organs except thymus
- spaces between fibers provide place for lymphocytes to “live” when they return from patrolling the body

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24
Q

What is diffuse lymphoid tissue?

A

loose arrangement of lymphoid cells and reticular fibers
- found in every body organ
- large collection in lamina propria of mucous membranes

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25
Q

What is lymphoid follicles (lymphoid nodules)?

A

solid, spherical bodies consisting of tightly packed lymphoid cells and reticular fibers
- have germinal centers of proliferating B cells
- can form part of larger lymphoid organs, like lymph nodes

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26
Q

Where are lymphoid follicles found?

A
  • intestinal wall (of ileum) called Peyer’s patches
  • the appendix
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27
Q

What are buboes and why does it happen?

A

infected lymph nodes (often pus-filled); bubonic plague named for them
- overwhelmed by bacteria they are trying ti destroy; results in inflamed, swollen, and tender nodes

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28
Q

Why can lymph nodes become a secondary cancer site?

A
  • if metastasizing cells become trapped
    cancer-infiltrated lymph nodes are swollen but usually not painful which helps distinguish cancerous nodes from infected
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29
Q

What is the primary lymphoid organs?

A

where T and B cells mature
- B cells mature in RBM
- T cells mature in the thymus

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30
Q

What is the secondary lymphoid organs?

A

where mature lymphocytes first encounter their antigens and become activated, include:
- lymph nodes and spleen
- mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT) that form:
- tonsils, Peyer’s patches in small intestines and appendix
- diffuse lymphoid tissues

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31
Q

Lymph nodes - what is the formation?

A

external fibrous capsule; fibers extend inwards as trabeculae to divide node onto compartments

32
Q

What are the 2 regions of the lymph nodes?

A

cortex: outer layer with dense follicles, with germinal centers filled with dividing B cells
- deep part houses T cell in transit (circulate in blood, lymph and nodes)
Medulla: consists of medullary cords, thin inward extension of vortical tissue

33
Q

What is the lymph sinuses?

A

large lymphatic capillaries spanned by crisscrossing reticular fibers; found throughout nodes
- macrophages reside on reticular fibers; phagocytize foreign matter in lymph

34
Q

Where does lymph enter the lymph node and what is the first structure in travels through?

A
  • convex side of lymph node via afferent lymphatic vessels
  • large subcapsular sinus
35
Q

Where does lymph travel after the subcapsular sinus?

A

smaller sinuses of the cortex and medulla, then passes through the medullary sinuses before exiting the node at hilum via efferent lymphatic vessels

36
Q

Why is the flow of lymph slow through the lymph node?

A

since there are fewer efferent vessels draining the node compared to the afferent vessels, allowing time for lymphocytes and macrophages to function

37
Q

What happens to lymph after it exits the lymph node?

A

Lymph travels through several nodes before it is completely cleansed.

38
Q

What is the largest lymphoid organs and where is it located?

A

spleen
- on the left side of the abdominal cavity, under the diaphragm

39
Q

What arteries and veins serve the spleen?

A

splenic artery and vein, which enters and exits at the hilum

40
Q

What role does the spleen play in immune function?

A

provides a site for lymphocyte proliferation, immune surveillance, and immune response

41
Q

How does the spleen cleanse the blood?

A

cleanses the blood of aged and defective blood cells and platelets through macrophages

42
Q

What is the function of the spleen when it comes to storage and being a site?

A
  1. stores iron and recycles breakdown products of RBC
  2. stores platelets and monocytes from release into blood
  3. site of fetal erythrocyte production
43
Q

What is the structure order starting from diaphragm to pancreas?

A
  • diaphragm
  • spleen
  • adrenal gland
  • left kidney
  • splenic artery
  • pancreas
44
Q

What are the 2 components that make up the spleen?

A

White pulp and red pulp

45
Q

What is the function of white pulp?

A

where immune function occurs
- mostly in lymphocytes on reticular fibers, forming cuffs around arteries
- islands of white in sea of red

46
Q

What is the function of red pulp?

A

where old blood cells and bloodborne pathogens are destroyed
- lots of RBC and macrophages that engulf
- made of splenic cords (reticular tissue) that separate blood-filled splenic sinusoids (venous sinuses)

47
Q

What are the layers of the spleen?

A

a. capsule
b. trabeculae
c. white pulp
c . red pulp

48
Q

What is a potential consequence of a direct blow or severe infection to the spleen?

A

spleen ruptures, spilling blood into the peritoneal cavity

49
Q

What have surgeons discovered about the spleen after splenectomy?

A

Surgeons have discovered that the spleen can often repair itself if left alone.

50
Q

What happens when the spleen is removed?

A

The liver and bone marrow take over most of the spleen’s functions if it is removed.

51
Q

Can the spleen regenerate after removal?

A

In children younger than 12, the spleen will regenerate if a small part remains.

52
Q

What is mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT), where does it and what is its function?

A

lymphoid tissues in mucous membrane throughout body
- lines respiratory, genitourinary and digestive tract
- protects from pathogens trying to enter the body

53
Q

Where is the largest collection of MALT?

A
  • tonsils
  • peryer’s patches
  • appendix
54
Q

What is the main function of tonsils?

A

form a ring of lymphoid tissue around the entrance to the pharynx to gather and remove pathogens in food and inhaled air

55
Q

How can tonsils be identified and what is the main types?

A

seen swelling in the mucosa
1. paired palatine tonsils
2. lingual tonsil
3. pharyngeal tonsil (adenoid if enlarged)
4. pair of tubal tonsil

56
Q

Where are the paired palatine tonsils located?

A

either side at the posterior end of the oral cavity

57
Q

Which tonsils are the largest and most often infected?

A

the paired palatine tonsils

58
Q

Where is the pharyngeal tonsil (adenoid if enlarged) found?

A

in the posterior wall of the nasopharynx.

59
Q

What is the location and function of the pair of tubal tonsils?

A

surrounds the openings of the auditory tubes into the pharynx.

60
Q

What are the characteristics of the tonsils’ lymphoid follicles?

A

Tonsils contain follicles with obvious germinal centers and diffusely scattered lymphocytes.

61
Q

How are tonsils different from other lymphoid tissue?

A

Tonsils are only partially encapsulated, and their epithelium invaginates, forming deep tonsillar crypts

62
Q

What role do tonsillar crypts play?

A

trap debris and bacteria, which cross the epithelium to enter the lymphoid tissue

63
Q

How do tonsils contribute to immune response?

A

Immune cells in the tonsils are activated and build “memory” against pathogens

64
Q

What are Peyer’s patches (aggregated lymphoid nodules) and what are the structurally similar to?

A

large cluster of lymphoid follicles in wall of distal portion of small intestine
- tonsils

65
Q

Why is the location of the Peyer’s patches ideal?

A

prevent bacteria from breaching intestinal wall
- generate “ memory” lymphocytes from long-term immunity

66
Q

What is the appendix and why is it placed where it is?

A

tubular offshoot of first part of large intestine that contains large number of lymphoid follicles
- generate “ memory” lymphocytes from long-term immunity

67
Q

Where is the thymus located and what is its function?

A

bilobed lymphoid organ found in the inferior neck, extending into the mediastinum and partially overlying the heart
- site of T lymphocyte development

68
Q

When is the thymus most active and what happens to it after puberty?

A
  • childhood
  • atrophies (gets smaller)
69
Q

Does the thymus continue to produce immune cells after atrophying?

A

Yes, but slowly

70
Q

What happens to the thymus in older adults?

A

is almost entirely replaced by fibrous and fatty tissue
- becomes difficult to distinguish from surrounding connective tissue

71
Q

How is the thymus organized?

A

divided into thymic lobules, which contain an outer cortex and an inner medulla

72
Q

What is found in the cortex of the thymus?

A

contains rapidly dividing lymphocytes (the bulk of thymic cells) and scattered macrophages

73
Q

what is found in the medulla of the thymus?

A

contains fewer lymphocytes and structures called thymic corpuscles, which are concentric whorls of keratinized epithelial cells

74
Q

What role does the thymus play in immune regulation?

A

development of regulatory T cells, which are important for preventing autoimmune responses

75
Q

How does the thymus differ from secondary lymphoid organs?

A
  1. no follicles because it lacks B cells
  2. does not directly fight antigens; strictly functions in T lymphocyte maturation
  3. has blood-thymus barrier that keeps immature T lymphocytes isolated from antigens to prevent premature activation
76
Q

What type of cells make up the stroma of the thymus?

A

epithelial cells (not reticular fibers), which provide the environment in which T lymphocytes mature

ANP 1105 (11 decks)

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