Chapter 22 - Lymph System Flashcards
Know filtration and reabsorption through arteries, lymph tissue, and veins.
how many liters flow into lymph tissue?
Arteries → filtration through arterial end → tissue → reabsorption through venule end
* 3.6 Liters flow into the lymph tissue
what are these and where do they empty into the cardiovascular system?
Thoracic Duct - empties into left subclavian vein and jugular vein
Cisterna Chyli
what are the 5 tonsils in the wall of the pharynx?
know tonsillitis.
Pharyngeal tonsil (adenoid - prone to cancer)
Left and right palatine tonsils - can see this one
Two lingual tonsils - below palatine tonsils
*tonsillitis - inflammation of tonsils
Innate defenses (both slides):
1. Physical barriers - skin, epithelial layers of internal passageways
- Secretions that flush away, kill, or inhibit materials
- Sweat, mucus, urine, enzymes, antibodies, stomach acid
2. Phagocytes - macrophage, neutrophil, eosinophil, monocyte
- Macrophages can be fixed or free
3. Immune surveillance - natural killer cells
- Golgi apparatus produces vesicles containing Perforins, which dissolve the plasma membrane of abnormal cell, “Perforate” the other membrane
4. Interferons - chemical messengers which are released by lymphocytes, macrophages, or virus-infected cells
- coordinate the defense against viral infections
- Cytokines are a type of messenger released by tissue cells
- Complement - group of 30 special circulating proteins that assist antibodies in fighting. Like a group of police. Also lyses cells, enhances phagocytosis and
inflammation. Liver response. - Inflammation - tissue level response
- Redness (rubor), Swelling (tumor), Heat (calor), Pain (dolor), Loss of function (functio laesa)
- Effects of inflammation:
- necrosis (local tissue destruction)
- Pus - mix of debris, fluid, dead and dying cells, and necrotic tissue
- Abscess - accumulation of pus in an enclosed space
- Fever - increase in body temperature that speed up tissue metabolism
- Pyrogens - fever producing agents
- Produced by bacteria, molds, viruses, and yeasts, Cause hypothalamus to raise body temperature
- Pyrogens - fever producing agents
antibody structure - just go over image.
Antibodies Structures - just know light and heavy chain, variable segment (changes), constant segment
- Light chain
- Variable segment & constant segment
- Heavy chain
- Variable segment & constant segment
Summary of the Lymphatic System - read through…
what are pathogens?
what is the definition of immunity?
Lymphatic system is a group of organs, vessels, and tissues that protect from infection, disease, pathogens…
Pathogens are organisms such as viruses, bacteria, fungi, parasites…
Immunity is the ability to resist infection and disease.
overall, what are the components of the lymphatic system?
what are the primary and secondary organs & tissues?
- Lymph - fluid similar to plasma, but without plasma proteins
- Lymphatic vessels and lymphatic nodes - carry lymph from peripheral tissues to veins
- Lymphoid tissues and lymphoid organs - tonsils, appendix, thymus, spleen, mucosa-associated lymphatic tissue (malt), red bone marrow.
- Primary - red bone marrow, thymus
- Secondary - tonsils, spleen, lymph nodes, patches in large intestine, MALT
(Mucosa is lining of internal organ - digestive, respiratory, urinary, and reproductive tracts)
- Lymphoid cells - lymphocytes, phagocytes, and other cells
what are the functions of the lymphatic system?
Produce, maintain, and distribute lymphocytes and other lymphoid cells
Return excess fluid to bloodstream
Maintain normal blood volume
Transport hormones, nutrients, and wastes
Lymphatic Vessels:
what is their job?
what are these vessels made of? what is their structure?
what are lacteals?
(know that you have superficial and deep lymphatics)
- Job is to carry lymph
Lymphatic capillaries: - Closed at one end (important) rather than forming a tube
- Have larger luminal diameters and thinner walls
- Have flat or irregular outline in sectional view
- Endothelial squamous cells are loosely bound together for movement of fluid through tissue. Overlap of endothelial cells acts as a one-way valve, like shingles on a roof to promote movement.
- Lacteals (know for exam) -
Special lymphatic capillaries in small intestine that transport lipids from digestive tract
what is lymphedema?
- Blockage of lymph drainage from a limb
- Causes severe swelling
- Interferes with immune system function
Lymphoid cells & lymphocytes:
name 3 different lymphocytes and where they come from.
what is lymphocyte production called? where does production occur?
Make 20-40% of circulating leukocytes (wbc)
Most are stored, not circulating
Wander through tissues
Enter blood vessels or lymphatics for transport
Can survive many years
Hemocytoblasts in bone marrow > two types of lymphoid stem cells:
Group 1: B Cells (Bone marrow derived) & - Natural Killer Cells (NK Cells - also come from bone marrow.)
Group 2: T Cells (Thymus-dependent) - travel to thymus and differentiate with exposure to hormones
*Lymphocytopoiesis - occurs in bone marrow, thymus, and peripheral lymphoid tissue
Lymphoid Tissue is connective tissue dominated by lymphocytes.
:)
what are lymphoid nodules?
how are they different from lymph nodes?
Areolar tissue with densely packed lymphocytes:
- Lymph nodes, spleen, respiratory tract (tonsils), along digestive, urinary, and reproductive tracts
- Smaller than lymph nodes, not as defined of a structure
*Germinal center contains dividing lymphocytes
what does MALT stand for?
where is it?
- mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue
- Lymphoid tissues associated with digestive system
remember the appendix!
know appendicitis
- Contains a mass of fused lymphoid nodules
- Appendicitis is inflammation of the appendix
