Chapter 19 - Blood Flashcards
What are the functions of blood?
Transports gasses
Regulates PH
Restricting fluid losses at injury site
Defending against toxins and pathogens
Stabilize body temperature
what are the characteristics of blood? what is the blood volume of a neonate and adult?
38 degrees (100.4 degrees Fahrenheit)
High viscosity, like chocolate syrup
Slightly alkaline (Know PH of blood: 7.35 - 7.45)
Blood volume: average is 5.25 liters (1.38 gallons)
what are the 3 components of blood? what are the percentages of each?
Plasma (55%)
Buffy Coat (<1%)
Erythrocytes (aka red blood cells) (45%)
what is plasma made of?
name the proteins.
what are the percentage of these?
where are they made?
water (90%)
nutrients and metabolic waste
electrolytes
Proteins
- Albumin (60%)
Transports fatty acids, thyroid hormones, some steroid hormones. Maintains osmotic pressure.
- Globulin (35%)
antibodies, aka immunoglobulins
- Fibrinogen (4%)
produces clotting fibers
- Other (1%)
made in the liver. antibodies made by plasma cells. peptide hormones made by endocrine organs
what is Hemostasis? what are the phases?
stopping of bleeding
1. Vascular phase
- both ends of severed vessel contract
2. Platelet phase
- platelets help clotting
3. Coagulation phase
- highly regulated specific order of coagulation
what is hemopoiesis?
“blood production”
*different from erythropoiesis, which is red blood cell production.
Red Blood Cells
what is another name for red blood cells?
what are the rbc counts for males & females?
how long do red blood cells live for?
what is a stack of red blood cells called?
what is hematocrit? (what are these % for male & female?)
where are red blood cells produced?
- erythrocytes
males: 4.5-6.3 million
females: 4.2-5.5 million - live 120 days
- a stack is a “rouleaux”
- hematocrit is the packed cell volume, the percentage of formed elements in blood (remember the 3 part percentage…)
- male 46%
- female 42%
rbc are produced in red bone marrow
what is hemoglobin?
what are the components of hemoglobin?
how many molecules of hemoglobin are in 1 red blood cell?
the protein of the rbc
binds to and releases oxygen
- heme - a molecule that holds an iron atom and binds it to oxygen
- globin - quaternary protein structure shape
*about 280 million hemoglobin molecules in 1 red blood cell. (each rbc can carry billions of oxygen molecules)
oxyhemoglobin is when rbc is carrying oxygen.
deoxyhemoglobin is when rbc is carrying carbon dioxide.
Lifestages of a red blood cell…
Reticulocyte (days 5-7)
- ejects nucleus on day 4
Mature Red Blood Cell
what is erythropoiesis?
“red blood cell production”
- made mostly in bone marrow
slide 25
identify the stages from the image - for lab exam.
- Erythrocyte (red blood cell)
- neutrophil
- eosinophil (red because of the “eosin” dye used)
- basophil (blue dye used)
- mature lymphocyte
- immature lymphocyte (condenses as it matures)
- monocyte
Neutrophils are very active and specialize in attacking and digesting bacteria.
Basophils release histamine (dilation) and heparin (decrease blood clotting) to increase inflammation and blood flow.
Eosinophils are good at fighting off parasitic infections, like flukeworms.
what is this?
platelet, aka thrombocyte
what is the name of this tall test?
Tallquist/Hemoglobin Concentration Test
know that blood cells form from stem cells.
know that stem cell –> Myleoid stem cell or Lymphoid stem cell –> RBC / Platelets / white blood cell
Blood Stem Cell
1. Myeloid stem cell
- red blood cell
- platelet
- some white blood cells
2. Lymphoid stem cell
- other white blood cells
what is erythropoietin (EPO)?
where is it made?
what is pernicious anemia? (know for exam)
hormone that stimulated erythropoiesis, or rbc production
made by kidneys and liver
Pernicious anemia is a lack of sufficient B12.
*blood doping
agglutinogens vs agglutinins
explain blood type.
why can you not receive other blood types?
what are Rhesus antigens?
Hemolytic Disease of the Newborn
- Mother’s body will acquire antibodies from the 1st baby, and will have enough to kill the second baby with new antibodies from 1st.
agglutinogens = antigens
agglutinins = antibodies
both are made from glycoproteins and glycolipids
Your immune system knows its own antigens. If a foreign antigen (virus, allergen…) is detected, then the immune system sends out antibodies to attack the foreign antigen to mark for destruction by white blood cells.
your red blood cells have specific antigens called agglutinogens, which activate antibodies to bind to invading cells and make them clump together. which agglutinogens you have define your blood type: A, B, AB, or O (neither A nor B).
(see image) Antigens and antibodies are opposite. If you have A blood, you have anti-B antibodies that attack foreign B blood cells. AB does not have anti-bodies that will attack other blood cells, so it is the universal receiver.
O has both A and B anti-bodies, so it will attack anything other than other O, but it is the universal donor since it is safe for all other blood types to receive.
Rhesus antigens (Rh) are a whole other set of antigens that are positive if you have them, negative if you don’t. Rh+ can accept either Rh+ or Rh- blood. Rh- should only stick with Rh-.
*at least 48 other surface antigens exist besides A & B… test to be sure.
Just FYI about stem cells formation to red blood cells, platelets, white blood cells, and lymphocytes.
